Dative › dependent › adpositional dative
§1687
ἐν in (poetic ἐνί, εἰν, εἰνί), Lat. in with the abl., en-; opposed to εἰς into, ἐξ out of. On ἐν with the genitive by ellipsis, see 1302.
1. ἐν with the Dative (Locative) only
a. Local: in, at, near, by, on, among: ἐν Σπάρτῃ
in Sparta 1.128, ἡ ἐν Κορίνθῳ μάχη
the battle at Corinth Ages. 7.5, πόλις οἰκουμένη ἐν τῷ Εὐξείνῳ πόντῳ
a city built on the Euxine A. 4.8.22, ἐν τῇ κλῑ́νῃ ἑστηκώς standing upon the bed 1.24 (ἐν of superposition is rare), νόμοι ἐν πᾶσιν εὐδόκιμοι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν
laws famous among all the Greeks L. 631b, ἐν ῡ̔μῖν ἐδημηγόρησεν he made an harangue before (coram) you 8.74. With verbs of motion, see 1659 a. Of circumstance, occupation, as οἱ ἐν τοῖς πρᾱ́γμασιν
the men at the head of affairs 9.56 (so ἐν εἰρήνῃ, ἔργῳ, ὠφελείᾳ, φιλοσοφίᾳ, φόβῳ εἶναι; ἐν αἰτίᾳ ἔχειν to blame, ἐν ὀργῇ ἔχειν to be angry with); in the power of: ἐν τῷ θεῷ τὸ τέλος ἦν, οὐκ ἐμοί the issue rested with God, not with me 18.193, ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἐγένετο
he came to himself A. 1.5.17.
b. Temporal: in, within, during (cp. 1542): ἐν πέντε ἔτεσιν
in five years 19.29, ἐν σπονδαῖς
during a truce 1.55, ἐν ᾧ while.
c. Instrument, Means, Cause, Manner (originally local): ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἴδωμαι see with the eyes A 587, ἐν ἑνὶ κινδῡνεύεσθαι to be endangered by (i.e. to depend on) a single person 2.35, ἐν τούτοις ἢ λῡπούμενοι ἢ χαίροντες
either grieving or rejoicing at this R. 603c, ἐν τούτῳ δηλῶσαι to make clear by this 392 e, ἐν τῷ φανερῷ
openly A. 1.3.21. Conformity: ἐν τοῖς ὁμοίοις νόμοις ποιήσαντες τᾱ̀ς κρίσεις
deciding according to equal laws 1.77, ἐν ἐμοί
in my opinion Hipp. 1320.
N.—In many dialects, e.g. those north of the Corinthian Gulf (rarely in Pindar), ἐν retains its original meaning of in (with dat.) and into (with accus.). The latter use appears in ἐνδέξια towards the right.
2. ἐν in Composition
In, at, on, among (ἐμπῑ́πτειν fall in or on, ἐντυγχάνειν fall in with, ἐγγελᾶν laugh at, ἐνάπτειν bind on).
§1696
σύν (Older Attic ξύν; cp. Ion. ξῡνός from κονιος = κοινός, Lat. cum) with.
1. σύν with the Instrumental Dative only.
a. In standard (i.e. not Xenophontic) prose σύν has been almost driven out of use by μετά. It is used (1) in old formulas, as σὺν (τοῖς) θεοῖς with the help of the gods, σὺν (τοῖς) ὅπλοις in arms, etc. (of things attached to a person), σὺν νῷ intelligently; (2) of sum totals (along with, including), as σὺν τοῖς ἔργοις πλέον ἢ δέκα τάλαντα ἔχει
he has more than ten talents interest included 28.13.
b. σύν is usually poetic (rare in comedy) and Xenophontic; it is often used in the formulas of a (1) and of persons and things personified. Its older and poetic meaning is along with (of something secondary or added to the action) and with the help of. So in Xen.: together with, along with: σὺν τῆ γυναικὶ δειπνεῖν
to sup with your wife C. 6.1.49; to reinforce the simple dative: ἀκολουθεῖν σύν τινι, πορεύεσθαι σύν τινι (1524); with the collateral notion of help: with the aid of, as σὺν ἐκείνῳ μάχεσθαι
to fight with his help C. 5.3.5.
c. Means and Instrument (regarded as accompaniments of an action: the comitative instrumental): ἡ κτῆσις αὐτῶν ἔστιν οὐδαμῶς σὺν τῇ βίᾳ, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον σὺν τῇ εὐεργεσίᾳ they (friends) are acquired, not by forcible means, but by kindness C. 8.7.13.
d. Manner: σὺν γέλωτι ἦλθον
they went laughing A. 1.2.18. In conformity with (opp. to παρά): οὐκ ἐπέτρεψε τῷ δήμῳ παρὰ τοὺς νόμους ψηφίσασθαι, ἀλλὰ σὺν τοῖς νόμοις ἠναντιώθη κτλ. he did not permit the people to vote contrary to the laws, but, in conformity with them, opposed himself, etc. M. 4.4.2.
2. σύν in Composition
Together with (συμβιοῦν live with, συμπορεύεσθαι march in company with), together (συμβάλλειν conicere), completely (συμπληροῦν fill up), contraction in size (συντέμνειν cut short), and generally of union or connection. Standard prose uses συν- freely.
In the index: Instrument of action · Manner · Means · Prepositions · Cause