VERB-STEM AND PRESENT STEM

From the verb-stem (or theme) the present stem is formed in several ways. All verbs are arranged in the present system according to the method of forming the present stem from the verbstem. Verbs are named according to the last letter of the verb-stem (376): 1. Vowel Verbs, 2. Liquid Verbs (including liquids and nasals), 3. Stop Verbs.

The present stem is formed from the verb-stem in five different ways. There are, therefore, five classes of present stems. The verb-stem is sometimes the present stem, but usually it is strengthened in different ways. A sixth class consists of irregular verbs, the present stem of which is not connected with the stem or stems of other tenses.

Presents of the Simple Class are formed from the verb-stem with or without the thematic vowel.

(I) Presents with the thematic vowel (ω-verbs). The present stem is made by adding the thematic vowel όε- to the verb-stem, as λῡ́-ω, παιδεύ-ω, παύ-ω, μέν-ω, πείθ-ω, φεύγ-ω, and the denominative verbs τῑμά-ω, φιλέ-ω, βασιλεύ-ω. For the personal endings, see 463 ff. For the derivation of many of these verbs, see 522.

The final vowel of the verb-stem is long in the present indicative, but either long or short in the other tense-stems, of the following verbs in -υω or -ιω.

1. a. Verbs in -υω generally have ῡ in Attic in the present; as λῡ́ω loose, δῡ́ω go under, θῡ́ω sacrifice (almost always), φῡ́ω make grow (usually). Also in ἀλῡ́ω, ἀρτῡ́ω, βρενθῡ́ομαι, γηρῡ́ομαι, δακρῡ́ω (once ῠ), ἱδρῡ́ω, ἰσχῡ́ω, καττῡ́ω, κνῡ́ω,, κωκῡ́ω, κωλῡ́ω (usually), μηνῡ́ω, ὀπῡ́ω (ὀπυίω), πτῡ́ω, ῥῡ́ομαι, στῡ́ομαι, τρῡ́ω, ῡ̔́ει; possibly in εἰλύομαι, ἠμύω, μύω, ξύω, φλύω; ἐλινύω, μηρύομαι, πληθύω (once ῠ), φῑτύω. ὠρύω (ῠ̄) is doubtful.

b. -υω has υ short in ἀνύω, ἀρύω, βρύω, κλύω (but κλῦθι), μεθύω, and in all verbs in -νυω.

Several verbs with medial ῑ, ῡ in the present, show ῐ or ῑ, ῠ or ῡ in some other tense or tenses. Thus, θλῑ́βω press τέθλιφα, πνῑ́γω choke ἐπνίγην, τρῑ́βω rub τέτριφα ἐτρίβην, τῡ́φω raise smoke ἐτύφην, ψῡ́χω cool ἐψύχην.

Verb-stems having the weak grades α, ι, υ, show the strong grades η, ει, ευ in the present; as τήκ-ω (τᾰκ-) melt, λείπω (λιπ-) leave, φεύγω (φυγ-) flee.

a. To this class belong also λήθω, σήπω, τέθηπα am astonished, 2 aor. ἔταφον, ἀλείφω, (δέδοικα, 703), εἴκω (ἔοικα), (εἴωθα, 563 a), ἐρείκω, ἐρείπω, πείθω, στείβω, στείχω, φείδομαι; ἐρεύγομαι, κεύθω, πεύθομαι, τεύχω.

Present Stems in -εόε- for ευόε-.—The strong form ευ before the thematic vowel became εϝ (ευ) and then ε (20 a, 43) in the verbs θέω run θεύσομαι, νέω swim ἔνευσα, πλέω sail ἔπλευσα, πνέω breathe ἔπνευσα, ῥέω flow ῥεύσομαι, χέω pour κέχυκα, κέχυμαι, ἐχύθην.

(II) Presents without the thematic vowel (μι-verbs). The personal ending is added directly to the verb-stem, which is often reduplicated. The verb-stem shows different vowel grades, strong forms η, ω in the singular, weak forms ε (α), ο in the dual and plural. Thus τί-θη-μι, τί-θε-μεν; ἵ-στη-μι for σι-στη-μι (= σι-στᾱ-μι), ἵ-στα-μεν; δί-δω-μι, δί-δο-μεν.

a. All verbs in μι (enumerated 723 ff) belong to this class except those in -νῡμι (523 f) and -νημι (523 g).

The present stem is formed by adding -τόε- to the verbstem, which ends in π, β, or φ. The verb-stem is ascertained from the second aorist (if there is one) or from a word from the same root.

a. ἀστράπτω lighten, χαλέπτω oppress may be from -πι̯ω (117, 507).

Some of the verbs of this class add ε in the present or other tenses, as ῥῑπτέω throw, πεκτέω comb, τύπτω strike τυπήσω.

The present stem is formed by adding -ι̯όε- to the verb-stem and by making the necessary euphonic changes (109-116).

Verb-stems in δ unite with ι̯ to form presents in -ζω (116), as φράζω tell (φραδ-ι̯ω), ἐλπίζω hope (ἐλπιδ-), κομίζω carry (κομιδ-ή a carrying), ὄζω smell (ὀδ-μή odour), καθέζομαι seat myself (ἕδ-ος seat).

a. σῴζω save (for σω-ιζω) forms its tenses partly from the verb-stem σω-, partly from the verb-stem σωι-.

Some verbs in -ζω are derived from stems in γ preceded by a vowel; as ἁρπάζω seize for ἁρπαγ-ι̯ω (cp. ἁρπαγ-ή seizure), κρᾱ́ζω cry out (2 aor. ἔκραγον). See 116, other examples 623 γ III.

a. νίζω wash makes its other tenses from the verb-stem νίβ- (fut. νίψω, cp. Hom. νίπτομαι).

A few verbs with stems in γγ lose one γ and have presents in -ζω; as κλάζω scream (κλαγγ-ή), fut. κλάγξω; σαλπίζω sound the trumpet ἐσάλπιγξα (also λύζω sob, πλάζω cause to wander).

ῥεγι̯ω, ἐργι̯ω yield ῥέζω do (poetic) and ἔρδω (Ionic and poetic). See 116.

Most verbs in -ζω are not formed from stems in δ or γ, but are due to analogy. See 516, 623 γ III, 866. 6.

Stems ending in κ or χ unite with ι̯ to form presents in -ττω (-σσω).

φυλάττω guard from φυλακ-ι̯ω (φυλακ-ή guard (112)); κηρῡ́ττω proclaim from κηρῡκ-ι̯ω (κῆρυξ, κήρῡκ-ος); ταράττω disturb from ταραχ-ι̯ω (ταραχ-ή confusion).

a. πέττω cook is for πεκ-ι̯ω; all other tenses are made from πεπ-.

Several verbs showing forms in γ seem to unite γ with ι̯ to form presents in -ττω (-σσω.) Thus ἀλλάττω change, μάττω knead, πλήττω strike (with the 2 aorists passive ἠλλάγ-ην, ἐμάγ-ην, ἐπλήγ-ην), πρᾱ́ττω do (2 perf. πέπρᾱγα, 571), τάττω arrange (τᾱγ-ός commander).

a. So δράττομαι grasp, νάττω compress (515 b), νύττω push, πτύσσω fold, σάττω load, σῡρίττω pipe, σφάττω kill, φράττω fence. πρᾱ́ττω has the late perf. πέπρᾱχα.

Some presents in -ττω (-σσω) are formed from stems in τ, θ like those from κ, χ.

Poet. ἐρέσσω row (ἐρέτ-ης rower) aor. ἤρεσα; poet. κορύσσω arm (κόρυς κόρυθ-ος helmet), imperf. ἐκόρυσσε.

a. So also βλίττω take honey, πάττω sprinkle, πτίττω pound, and perhaps πλάττω form; also ἀφάσσω Hdt., and poetic ῑ̔μάσσω, λαφύσσω, λίσσομαι.

b. νάττω compress (ναγ-, ναδ-) ἔναξα, νένασμαι and νέναγμαι. Cp. 514 a.

Formations by Analogy.—a. As γ + ι̯ and δ + ι̯ unite to form ζ, none of the verbs in -ττω can be derived from -γι̯ω or -δι̯ω. Since the future and aorist of verbs in -ζω might often seem to be derived from stems in κ, χ, or τ, θ, uncertainty arose as to these tenses: thus the future σφάξω (σφαγ-σω) from Epic σφάζω slay (σφαγ-ι̯ω) was confused in formation with φυλάξω (φυλακ-σω), and a present σφάττω was constructed like φυλάττω. Similarly, Attic ἁρπάσω (-ομαι) for Epic ἁρπάξω; and so in place of (poetic) ἁρμόζω fit (ἁρμοδ-) the form ἁρμόττω was constructed.

(I) Presents in -λλω are formed from verb-stems in λ, to which ι̯ is assimilated (110). Thus, ἀγγέλλω announce (ἀγγελ-ι̯ω), στέλλω send (στελ-ι̯ω).

(II) Presents in -αινω and -αιρω are formed from verb-stems in -αν and -αρ, the ι̯ being thrown back to unite with the vowel of the verb-stem (111). Thus, φαίνω show (φαν-ι̯ω), ὀνομαίνω name (ὀνομαν-ι̯ω), χαίρω rejoice (χαρ-ι̯ω).

a. Many verbs add -ι̯ω to the weak form of the stem, as ὀνομαίν-ω for ὀνομαν-ι̯ω from ὀνομṇ-ι̯ω, cp. nomen (35 b).

b. Hom. has κῡδαίνω and κῡδάνω honour, μελαίνω blacken and μελάνω grow black. ὀλισθαίνω slip is late for ὀλισθάνω.

c. The ending αινω has been attached, by analogy, in θερμαίνω make hot, etc. (620 III, 866.7). Likewise -ῡνω (519) in poetic ἀρτῡ́νω prepare, parallel to ἀρτῡ́ω (in composition), by analogy to βαρῡ́νω weigh down, ἡδῡ́νω sweeten.

(III) Presents in -εινω, -ειρω, -ῑνω, -ῑρω, -ῡνω, and -ῑρω are formed from stems in εν, ερ, ῐν, ῐρ, ῠν, ῠρ with ι̯όε- added. Here ι̯ disappears and the vowel preceding ν or ρ is lengthened by compensation (ε to ει; ι to ῑ; υ to ῡ). See 37 a, 111.

τείνω stretch (τεν-ι̯ω), φθείρω destroy (φθερ-), κρῑ́νω (κριν-), οἰκτῑ́ρω pity (οἰκτιρ-) generally written οἰκτείρω, ἀμῡ́νω ward off (ἀμυν-), μαρτῡ́ρομαι call to witness (μαρτυρ-).

a. ὀφείλω (ὀφελ-) owe, am obliged is formed like τείνω, φθείρω in order to distinguish it from ὀφέλλω (ὀφελ-) increase formed regularly. Hom. has usually Aeolic ὀφέλλω in the sense of ὀφείλω. δείρω flay (δερ-ι̯ω) is parallel to δέρ-ω (499).

Verb-stems in -αυ- for (αυ̯, -αϜ-).—Two verbs with verb-stems in -αυ have presents in -αιω from -αιϝω out of -αϝ-ι̯ω (38 a) : καίω burn (καυ-, καϝ-), fut. καύ-σω; and κλαίω weep (κλαυ-, κλαϝ-), fut. κλαύ-σομαι. Others 624 b.

a. Attic prose often has κᾱ́ω and κλᾱ́ω, derived from αιϝ before ει (κᾱ́εις, and, with ᾱ extended to the 1 person, κᾱ́ω). Cp. 396.

The following verbs add ε in one or more tense-stems other than the present: βάλλω throw, καθίζω sit, κλαίω weep, ὄζω smell, ὀφείλω owe, am obliged, χαίρω rejoice.

a. Verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω, which for convenience have been treated under the first class, properly belong here, ι̯ (y) having been lost between vowels. Thus, τῑμάω from τῑμα-ι̯ω (τῑμᾱ-), οἰκέω dwell from οἰκε-ι̯ω (οἰκε- alternate stem to οἰκο-, 229 b), δηλόω from δηλο-ι̯ω. So in denominatives, as poetic μηνίω am wroth (μηνι-ι̯ω), φῑτῡ́ω sow (φῑτυ-ι̯ω). Primitives in -ῑω, -ῡω are of uncertain origin. Cp. 608, 624.

N.—The rare spellings ἀλυίω, θυίω, μεθυίω, φυίω indicate their origin from -ι̯ω.

b. So with stems in long vowels: δρῶ do from δρᾱ-ι̯ω, ζῶ live from ζη-ι̯ω (cp. ζῆθι), χρῶ give oracles from χρη-ι̯ω (2 pers. χρῇς, 394).

The present stem of the N class is formed from the verbstem by the addition of a suffix containing ν.

a. -νόε- is added: δάκ-νω bite, τέμ-νω cut.

So δῡ́νω, κάμνω, πῑ́νω, πίτνω poet., τίνω, φθάνω, φθίνω.

b. -ανόε- is added: αἰσθ-άν-ομαι perceive, ἁμαρτ-άν-ω err.

So αὐξάνω, βλαστάνω, δαρθάνω, ἀπεχθάνομαι, οἰδάνω, ὀλισθάνω, ὀφλισκάνω (526).

c. -ανόε- is added and a nasal (μ, ν, or γ nasal) inserted in the verb-stem: λα-μ-β-άν-ω (λαβ-) take, λα-ν-θ-άν-ω escape notice (λαθ-), τυ-γ-χ-άν-ω happen (τυχ-).

So ἁνδάνω please (ἁδ-), θιγγάνω touch (θιγ-), κιγχάνω find (κιχ-), λαγχάνω obtain by lot (λαχ-), μανθάνω learn (μαθ-), πυνθάνομαι inquire (πυθ-).

d. -νεόε- is added: βῡ-νέ-ω stop up (also βύω), ἱκ-νέ-ο-μαι come (also ῑ̔́κω), κυ-νέ-ω kiss, ἀμπ-ισχ-νέ-ο-μαι have on, ὑπ-ισχ-νέ-ο-μαι promise (cp. ἴ-σχ-ω for σι-σχ-ω, 493 a).

e. -υνόε- is added: ἐλαύνω drive for ἐλα-νυ-ω.

f. -νυ (-ννυ after a short vowel) is added (second class of μι-verbs, 414): δείκ-νῡ-μι show (δεικ-, present stem δεικνῡ-), ζεύγ-νῡ-μι yoke (ζευγ-), ὄλλῡμι destroy (for ὀλ-νῡμι, 77 a); κερά-ννῡ-μι mix (κερα-), σκεδά-ννῡ-μι scatter (σκεδα-). Others 729 ff. Some of these verbs have presents in -υω (746).

N. 1.—The forms in -ννῡμι spread from ἕννῡμι, σβέννῡμι, which are derived from ἑσ-νῡμι, σβεσ-νῡμι.

N. 2.—Some verbs in -νω are formed from -νϝόε- for -νυ̯όε-; as Hom. τῑ́νω, φθῑ́νω, φθᾱ́νω, ᾱ̓́νομαι from τι-νϝ-ω, etc., (37 D. 1). Attic τί̆νω, etc. dropped the ϝ.

g. -να, -νη are added (third class of μι-verbs 412); as in (poetic) δάμ-νη-μι I conquer, δάμ-να-μεν we conquer (δαμ-), and in σκίδ-νη-μι (rare in prose for σκεδάννῡμι) scatter. The verbs of this class are chiefly poetic (Epic), and most have alternative forms in -αω. See 737.

In two further divisions there is a transition to the Iota Class.

h. -ινόε- for -ν-ι̯όε is added: βαίνω go (βα-ν-ι̯ω), κερδαίνω gain (κερδα-ν-ι̯ω) τετραίνω bore (τετρα-ν-ιω). So poetic ῥαίνω sprinkle. For the added ν, cp. δάκ-ν-ω (523 a). See 518 a.

i. -αινόε- for αν-ι̯όε is added: ὀσφραίνομαι smell (ὀσφραν-ι̯ομαι), Hom. ἀλιταίνομαι sin (also ἀλιτραίνω). See 518 a.

A short vowel of the verb-stem is lengthened in the case of some verbs to form one or more of the tense-stems other than the present. Thus, λαμβάνω (λαβ-) take λήψομαι (ληβ-); δάκνω (δακ-) bite δήξω (δηκ-). So λαγχάνω, λανθάνω, τυγχάνω, πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-) inquire, fut. πεύσομαι (πευθ-).

a. ζεύγνῡμι yoke, πήγνῡμι fasten, ῥήγνῡμι break have the strong grade in all tenses except the 2 pass. system. μείγνῡμι mix (commonly written μῑ́γνῡμι) has μῐγ- only in the 2 perf. and 2 pass. systems.

a. Many verbs add ε to the verb-stem to form all the tenses except present, 2 aorist, and 2 perfect; as αἰσθάνομαι, ἁμαρτάνω, ἁνδάνω, αὐξάνω, ἀπεχθάνομαι, βλαστάνω, δαρθάνω, κιγχάνω, μανθάνω, ὀλισθάνω, ὀφλισκάνω. One or more tenses with ε added are formed by κερδαίνω, ὄλλῡμι, ὀσφραίνομαι, στόρνῡμι, τυγχάνω.

b. ὄμνῡμι swear has ὀμο- in all systems except the present and future, as ὤμοσα, ὀμώμοκα, but fut. ὀμοῦμαι from ὀμεομαι.

The present stem is formed by adding the suffix -σκόε- to the verb-stem if it ends in a vowel; -ισκόε- if it ends in a consonant. Thus, ἀρέ-σκω please, εὑρ-ίσκω find.

a. This class is called inceptive (or inchoative) because some of the verbs belonging to it have the sense of beginning or becoming (cp. Lat. -sco); as γηράσκω grow old. But very few verbs have this meaning.

b. In θνῄσκω die, μιμνῄσκω remind, -ισκω was later added to verb-stems ending in a vowel. The older forms are θνήσκω, μιμνήσκω.

c. The verb-stem is often reduplicated in the present; as γι-γνώ-σκω know, βι-βρώ-σκω eat, δι-δρᾱ́-σκω run away. Poetic ἀρ-αρ-ίσκω fit, poetic ἀπ-αφ-ίσκω deceive, have the form of Attic reduplication. μίσγω may stand for μι-(μ)σγω.

The following verbs belong to this class (poetic and Ionic forms are starred):

a. Vowel stems: ἀλδήσκω* (ἀλδη-), ἀναβιώσκομαι* (βιο-), ἀρέσκω (ἀρε-), βάσκω* (βα- for βṇ-, 35 b), βιβρώσκω (βρο-), βλώσκω* (μολ-, μλο-, βλο-, 130 D.), βόσκω (βο-), γενειάσκω (cp. γενειάω), γηράσκω (γηρα-), γιγνώσκω (γνο-), δεδίσκομαι frighten, διδρᾱ́σκω (δρα-), ἡβᾱ́σκω (ἡβα-), ἠλάσκω* (ἠλα-), θνῄσκω (θαν-, θνα-), θρῴσκω* (θορ-, θρο-), ῑ̔άσκομαι (ῑ̔λα-), κικλήσκω* (καλε-, κλη-), κυΐσκομαι* (κυ-), μεθύσκω (μεθυ-), μιμνῄσκω (μνα-), πιπίσκω* (πι-), πιπρᾱ́σκω (πρα-), πινύσκω* (πινυ-), πιφαύσκω* (φαυ-), τιτρώσκω (τρο-), φάσκω (φα-), χάσκω* (χα-).

b. Consonant stems: ἁλίσκομαι (ἁλ-ο-), ἀλύσκω* (ἀλυκ-), ἀμβλίσκω (ἀμβλ- ἀμβλο-), ἀμπλακίσκω* (ἀμπλακ-), ἀνᾱλίσκω (ἀν-ᾱλ-ο-), ἀπαφίσκω* (ἀπ-αφ-), ἀραρίσκω* (ἀρ-), δεδίσκομαι* welcome (δε-δικ-) and δηδίσκομαι (usually written δειδ-) welcome, διδάσκω (διδαχ-), ἐΐσκω (ἐϊκ-), ἐπαυρίσκω* (αὐρ-), εὑρίσκω (εὑρ-ε-), λάσκω* (λακ-), μίσγω* (μιγ-), ὀφλισκάνω (ὀφλ-ε-), πάσχω (παθ-), στερίσκω (στερ-ε-), τιτύσκομαι* (τι-τυκ-), ὑλάσκω* (ὑλακ-), χρηΐσκομαι* (χρη-).

στερίσκω deprive (cp. στέρομαι) makes all the other tense-stems from στερε-; εὑρίσκω has εὑρε- except in the present and 2 aorist. —ἁλίσκομαι am captured (ἁλ-) adds ο in other tense-stems.

This class includes some irregular verbs, one or more of whose tense-stems are quite different from others, as Eng. am, was, be, Lat. sum, fui. For the full list of forms see the List of Verbs.

1. αἱρέω (αἱρε-, ἑλ-) take, fut. αἱρήσω, ᾕρηκα, etc., 2 aor. εἷλον.

2. εἶδον (ϝιδ-, ἰδ-) saw, vidi, 2 aorist (with no present act.); 2 pf. οἶδα know (794). Middle εἴδομαι (poetic). εἶδον is used as 2 aor. of ὁράω (see below).

3. εἶπον (εἰπ-, ἐρ-, ῥε-) spoke, 2 aor. (no pres.); fut. (ἐρέω) ἐρῶ, perf. εἴ-ρη-κα, εἴρημαι, aor. pass. ἐρρήθην. The stem ἐρ- is for ϝερ-, seen in Lat. ver-bum. (Cp. 492.) ῥε- is for ϝρε, hence εἴρημαι for ϝε-ϝρη-μαι.

4. ἔρχομαι (ἐρχ-, ἐλευθ-, ἐλυθ-, ἐλθ-), go. Fut. ἐλεύσομαι (usually poet.), 2 perf. ἐλήλυθα, 2 aor. ἦλθον. The Attic future is εἶμι shall go (774). The imperf. and the moods of the pres. other than the indic. use the forms of εἶμι.

5. ἐσθίω (ἐσθ-, ἐδ-, φαγ-) eat, fut. ἔδομαι (541), pf. ἐδήδοκα, -ἐδήδεσμαι, ἠδέσθην, 2 aor. ἔφαγον.

6. ὁράω (ὁρα-, ὀπ-, ϝιδ-) see, fut. ὄψομαι, perf. ἑώρᾱκα or ἑόρᾱκα, perf. mid. ἑώρᾱμαι or ὦμμαι (ὠπ-μαι), ὤφθην, 2 aor. εἶδον (see 2 above).

7. πάσχω (παθ-, πενθ-) suffer, fut. πείσομαι for πενθ-σομαι (100), 2 pf. πέπονθα, 2 aor. ἔπαθον. (See 526 d.)

8. πῑ́νω (πι-, πο-) drink, from πῑ̔-ν-ω (523 a), fut. πῑ́ομαι (541), pf. πέπωκα, 2 aor. ἔπιον, imp. πῖθι (466. 1, a, 687).

9. τρέχω (τρεχ- for θρεχ- (125 g), δραμ-, δραμε-) run, fut. δραμοῦμαι, pf. δεδράμηκα, 2 aor. ἔδραμον.

10. φέρω (φερ-, οἰ-, ἐνεκ-, by reduplication and syncope ἐν-ενεκ and ἐνεγκ-) bear; fut. οἴσω, aor. ἤνεγκα, perf. ἐν-ήνοχ-α (446, 478), ἐν-ήνεγ-μαι, aor. pass. ἠνέχθην.

11. ὠνέομαι (ὠνε-, πρια-) buy, fut. ὠνήσομαι, perf. ἐώνημαι, ἐωνήθην. For ἐωνησάμην the form ἐπριάμην is used.

Apart from the irregularities of Class VI, some verbs may, by the formation of the verb-stem, belong to more than one class, as βαίνω (III, IV), ὀσφραίνομαι (III, IV), ὀφλισκάνω (IV, V).

Many verbs have alternative forms, often of different classes, as κῡδάνω κῡδαίνω honour, ῑ̔́κω ίκᾱ́νω come, μελάν-ω grow black, μελαίνω (μελαν-ι̯ω) blacken, κλάζω (κλαγγ-) κλαγγ-άν-ω scream, σφάζω σφάττω slay (516). Cp. also ἀνύω ἀνύτω accomplish, ἀρύω ἀρύτω draw water, Hom. ἐρῡ́κω, ἐρῡκάνω, ἐρῡκανάω restrain. Cp. 866. 10.

Many, if not all, future forms in ς are in reality subjunctives of the first aorist. λῡ́σω, παιδεύσω, λείψω, στήσω are alike future indicative and aorist subjunctive in form. In poetry and in some dialects there is no external difference between the future indicative and the aorist subjunctive when the latter has (as often in Hom.) a short mood-sign (457 D.); e.g., Hom. βήσομεν, ἀμείψεται, Ionic inscriptions ποιήσει.

The future stem is formed by adding the tense-suffix -σόε- (-εσόε- in liquid stems, 535) to the verb-stem: λῡ́-σω, I shall (or will) loose, λῡ́σομαι; θή-σω from τί-θη-μι place; δείξω from δείκ-νῡ-μι show.

a. In verbs showing strong and weak grades (476) the ending is added to the strong stem: λείπω λείψω, τήκω τήξω, πνέω πνεύσομαι (503), δίδωμι δώσω.

Verb-stems ending in a short vowel lengthen the vowel before the tense suffix (α to η except after ε, ι, ρ). Thus, τῑμάω, τῑμήσω; ἐάω, ἐᾱ́σω; φιλέω, φιλήσω.

a. On χράω give oracles, χράομαι use, ἀκροάομαι hear, see 487 a.

b. For verbs retaining a short final vowel, see 488.

Verb-stems ending in λ, μ, ν, ρ, add -εσόε-; then ς drops and ε contracts with the following vowel.

φαίνω (φαν-) show, φανῶ, φανεῖς from φαν-έ(σ)ω, φαν-έ(σ)εις; στέλλω (στελ-) send, στελοῦμεν, στελεῖτε from στελ-έ(σ)ομεν, στελ-έ(σ)ετε. See p. 128.

ς is retained in the poetic forms κέλσω (κέλλω land, κελ-), κύρσω (κῡ́ρω meet, κυρ-), θέρσομαι (θέρομαι warm myself, θερ-), ὄρσω (ὄρνῡμι rouse, ὀρ-). So also in the aorist. See ἀραρίσκω, εἴλω, κείρω, φθείρω, φῡ́ρω in the List of Verbs.

Labial (π, β, φ) and palatal (κ, γ, χ) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with ς to form ψ or ξ. Dentals (τ, δ, θ) are lost before ς (98).

κόπ-τ-ω (κοπ-) cut, κόψω, κόψομαι; βλάπ-τ-ω (βλαβ-) injure, βλάψω, βλάψομαι; γράφ-ω write, γράψω, γράψομαι; πλέκ-ω weave, πλέξω, πλέξομαι; λέγ-ω say, λέξω, λέξομαι; ταράττω (ταραχ-) disturb, ταράξω, ταράξομαι; φράζω (φραδ-) say, φράσω; πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-) persuade, πείσω, πείσομαι.

a. When ε or ο is added to the verb-stem, it is lengthened to η or ω: as βούλομαι (βουλ-ε-) wish βουλήσομαι, ἁλίσκομαι (ἁλ-ο-) am captured ἁλώσομαι. So also in the first aorist and in other tenses where lengthening is regular.

Certain formations of the future are called Attic because they occur especially in that dialect in contrast to the later language; they occur also in Homer, Herodotus, and in other dialects.

These futures usually occur when ς is preceded by ᾰ or ε and these vowels are not preceded by a syllable long by nature or position. Here ς is dropped and -άω and -έω are contracted to -ῶ. When ι precedes ς, the ending is ι-(σ)έω which contracts to -ιῶ.

a. καλέω call, τελέω finish drop the ς of καλέσω καλέσομαι, τελέσω τελέσομαι and the resulting Attic forms are καλῶ καλοῦμαι, τελῶ (τελοῦμαι poetic).

b. ἐλαύνω (ἐλα-) drive has Hom. ἐλάω, Attic ἐλῶ.—καθέζομαι (καθεδ-) sit has Attic καθεδοῦμαι.—μάχομαι (μαχ-ε-) fight has Hom. μαχέσομαι (and μαχήσομαι), Attic μαχοῦμαι.—ὄλλῡμι (ὀλ-ε-) destroy has Hom. ὀλέσω, Attic ὀλῶ.

Some verbs, which have a future middle with an active meaning, form the stem of the future middle by adding -σεόε-, and contracting -σέομαι to -σοῦμαι. Such verbs (except νέω, πῑ́πτω) have also the regular future in -σομαι.

κλαίω (κλαυ-, 520) weep κλαυσοῦμαι, νέω (νυ-, νευ-) swim νευσοῦμαι (doubtful), πλέω (πλυ-, πλευ-) sail πλευσοῦμαι, πνέω (πνυ-, πνευ-) breathe πνευσοῦμαι, πῑ́πτω (πετ-) fall πεσοῦμαι, πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-, πευθ-) πευσοῦμαι (once), φεύγω (φυγ-, φευγ-) φευξοῦμαι, χέζω (χεδ-) χεσοῦμαι.

a. The inflection of the Doric future is as follows:—

b. These are called Doric futures because Doric usually makes all futures (active and middle) in -σέω -σῶ, -σέομαι -σοῦμαι.

c. Attic πεσοῦμαι (Hom. πεσέομαι) from πῑ́πτω fall comes from πετεομαι. Attic ἔπεσον is derived from 2 aor. ἔπετον (Dor. and Aeol.) under the influence of πεσοῦμαι.

The following verbs have no future suffix, the future thus having the form of a present: ἔδομαι (ἐδ-) eat, πῑ́ομαι (πι-) drink, χέω (χυ-) and χέομαι, pour. See 529. 5, 8.

a. These are probably old subjunctives which have retained their future meaning. In ἔδομαι and πῑ́ομαι the mood-sign is short (457 D.). Hom. has βέομαι or βείομαι live, δήω find, κήω (written κείω) lie, ἐξανύω achieve, ἐρύω draw, τανύω strelch, and ἀλεύεται avoid. νέομαι go is for νεσομαι.

The first aorist stem is formed by adding the tense suffix -σα to the verb-stem: ἔ-λῡ-σα I loosed, λῡ́σω, λῡ́σαιμι; ἔ-δειξα I showed, from δείκ-νῡ-μι. See 666.

a. In verbs showing strong and weak grades (476), the tense-suffix is added to the strong stem: πείθω ἔπεισα, τήκω ἔτηξα, πνέω ἔπνευσα, ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) ἔστησα, ἐστησάμην.

N.—τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place, δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give, ῑ̔́ημι (ἑ-, ἡ-) send have aorists in -κα (ἔθηκα, ἔδωκα, ἧκα in the singular: with κ rarely in the plural). See 755.

Verb-stems ending in a vowel lengthen a short final vowel before the tense-suffix (α to η except after ε, ι, ρ). Thus, τῑμάω ἐτῑ́μησα, ἐάω εἴᾱσα (431), φιλέω ἐφίλησα.

a. χέω (χυ-, χευ-, χεϝ-) pour has the aorists ἔχεα, ἐχεάμην (Epic ἔχευα, ἐχευάμην) from ἐχευσα, ἐχευσαμην.

Verb-stems ending in λ, μ, ν, ρ lose ς and lengthen their vowel in compensation (37): α to η (after ι or ρ to ᾱ), ε to ει, ῐ to ῑ, ῠ to ῡ.

φαίνω (φαν-) show, ἔφηνα for ἐφανσα; περαίνω (περαν-) finish, ἐπέρᾱνα for ἐπερανσα; στέλλω (στελ-) send, ἔστειλα for ἐστελσα; κρῑ́νω (κριν-) judge, ἔκρῑνα for ἐκρινσα; ἅλλομαι (ἁλ-) leap, ἡλάμην for ἡλσαμην.

a. Some verbs in -αινω (-αν-) have -ᾱνα instead of -ηνα; as γλυκαίνω sweeten ἐγλύκᾱνα. So ἰσχναίνω make thin, κερδαίνω gain, κοιλαίνω hollow out, λιπαίνω fatten, ὀργαίνω be angry, πεπαίνω make ripe. Cp. 30 a.

b. The poetic verbs retaining ς in the future (536) retain it also in the aorist.

c. αἴρω (ἀρ-) raise is treated as if its verb-stem were ᾱ̓ρ- (contracted from ἀερ- in ἀείρω): aor. ἦρα, ᾱ̓́ρω, ᾱ̓́ραιμι, ἆρον, ἆραι, ᾱ̓́ρας, and ἠράμην, ᾱ̓́ρωμαι, ᾱ̓ραίμην, ᾱ̓́ρασθαι, ᾱ̓ράμενος.

d. ἤνεγκα is used as the first aorist of φέρω bear. εἶπα is rare for εἶπον (549).

Labial (π, β, φ) and palatal (κ, γ, χ) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with ς to form ψ or ξ. Dentals (τ, δ, θ) are lost before ς (cp. 98).

πέμπ-ω send ἔπεμψα, ἐπεμψάμην; βλάπτω (βλαβ-) injure ἔβλαψα; γράφ-ω write ἔγραψα, ἐγραψάμην; πλέκ-ω weave ἔπλεξα, ἐπλεξάμην; λέγ-ω say ἔλεξα; ταράττω (ταραχ-) disturb ἐτάραξα, ἐταραξάμην; poetic ἐρέσσω (ἐρετ-) row ἤρεσα; φράζω (φραδ-) tell ἔφρασα, ἐφρασάμην; πείθ-ω (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-) persuade ἔπεισα.

a. On forms in ς from stems in γ see 516.

The second aorist is formed without any tense-suffix and only from the simple verb-stem. Only primitive verbs (372) have second aorists.

(I) Ω-Verbs.—Ω-verbs make the second aorist by adding όε- to the verb-stem, which regularly ends in a consonant. Verbs showing vowel gradations (476) use the weak stem (otherwise there would be confusion with the imperfect).

λείπω (λιπ-, λειπ-) leave ἔλιπον, -ἐλιπόμην; φεύγω (φυγ-, φευγ-) flee ἔφυγον; πέτομαι fly ἐπτόμην (476 a); λαμβάνω (λαβ-) take ἔλαβον.

a. Vowel verbs rarely form second aorists, as the irregular αἰρέω seize (εἶλον, 529. 1), ἐσθίω eat (ἔφαγον), ὁράω (εἶδον). ἔπιον drank (πῑ́νω) is the only second aorist in prose from a vowel stem and having thematic inflection.

b. Many ω-verbs with stems ending in a vowel have second aorists formed like those of μι-verbs. These are enumerated in 687.

Verbs of the First Class (499) adding a thematic vowel to the verbstem form the second aorist (1) by reduplication (494), as ἄγω lead ἤγαγον, and εἶπον probably for ἐ-ϝε-ϝεπ-ον; (2) by syncope (493), as πέτομαι fly ἐπτόμην, ἐγείρω (ἐγερ-) rouse ἠγρόμην, ἕπομαι (σεπ-) jollow ἐσπόμην, imperf. είπόμην from ἐ-σεπομην, ἔχω (σεχ-) hare ἔσχον; (3) by using α for ε (476 b) in poetic forms (480), as τρέπω turn ἔτραπον; (4) by metathesis (492), as poet. δέρκομαι see ἔδρακον.

(II) Μι-Verbs.—The stem of the second aorist of μι-verbs is the verb-stem without any thematic vowel. In the indicative active the strong form of the stem, which ends in a vowel, is regularly employed. The middle uses the weak stem form.

ἵ-στη-μι (στα-, στη-) set, second aorist ἔστην, ἔστης, ἔστη, ἔστητον, ἐστήτην, ἔστημεν, ἔστητε, ἔστησαν; middle ἐ-θέ-μην from τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place, ἐ-δό-μην from δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give.

Originally only the dual and plural showed the weak forms, which are retained in the second aorists of τίθημι, δίδωμι, and ῑ̔́ημι: ἔθεμεν, ἔδομεν, εἷμεν (ἐ-έμεν), and in Hom. βάτην (also βήτην) from ἔβην went. Elsewhere the weak grades have been displaced by the strong grades, which forced their way in from the singular. Thus, ἔγνον, ἔφῠν in Pindar (= ἔγνω-σαν, ἔφῡ-σαν), which come from ἐγνων(τ), ἐφῡν(τ) by 40. So Hom. ἔτλᾰν, ἔβᾰν. Such 3 pl. forms are rare in the dramatic poets.

a. For the singular of τίθημι, δίδωμι, ῑ̔́ημι, see 755; for the imperatives, 759; for the infinitives, 760.

No verb in -ῡμι has a second aorist in Attic from the stem in υ.

The difference between an imperfect and an aorist depends formally on the character of the present. Thus ἔ-φη-ν said is called an ‘imperfect’ of φη-μί: but ἔ-στη-ν stood is a ‘second aorist’ because it shows a different tense-stem than that of ἵστημι. Similarly ἔ-φερ-ον is ‘imperfect’ to φέρω, but ἔ-τεκ-ον ‘second aorist’ to τίκτω because there is no present τεκω. ἔστιχον is imperfect to στίχω, but second aorist to στείχω. Cp. 546 D.

a. The second aorist and the second perfect are usually formed only from primitive verbs (372). These tenses are formed by adding the personal endings (inclusive of the thematic or tense vowel) to the verb-stem without any consonant tense-suffix. Cp. ἔλιπο-ν with ἔλῡ-σ-α, ἐτράπ-ην with ἐτρέφ-θ-ην (τρέπω turn), γέ-γραφ-α with λέλυ-κ-α.

b. The second perfect and second aorist passive are historically older than the corresponding first perfect and first aorist.

c. τρέπω turn is the only verb that has three first aorists and three second aorists (596).

d. Very few verbs have both the second aorist active and the second aorist passive. In cases where both occur, one form is rare, as ἔτυπον (once in poetry), ἐτύπην (τύπτω strike).

e. In the same voice both the first and the second aorist (or perfect) are rare, as ἔφθασα, ἔφθην (φθάνω anticipate). When both occur, the first aorist (or perfect) is often transitive, the second aorist (or perfect) is intransitive (819); as ἔστησα I erected, i.e. made stand, ἔστην I stood. In other cases one aorist is used in prose, the other in poetry: ἔπεισα, poet. ἔπιθον (πείθω persuade); or they occur in different dialects, as Attic ἐτάφην, Ionic ἐθάφθην (θάπτω bury); or one is much later than the other, as ἔλειψα, late for ἔλιπον.

The stem of the first perfect is formed by adding -κα to the reduplicated verb-stem. λέ-λυ-κα I have loosed, ἐ-λε-λύκη I had loosed.

a. The κ-perfect is later in origin than the second perfect and seems to have started from verb-stems in -κ, as ἔ-οικ-α (= ϝέ-ϝοικ-α) from εἴκω resemble.

b. Verbs showing the gradations ει, ευ: οι, ου: ι, υ (476) have ει, ευ; as πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-) persuade πέπεικα (560). But δέδοικα fear has οι (cp. 564).

The first perfect is formed from verb-stems ending in a vowel, a liquid, or a dental stop (τ, δ, θ).

Vowel verbs lengthen the final vowel (if short) before -κα, as τῑμά-ω honour τε-τῑ́μη-κα, ἐά-ω permit εἴᾱ-κα, ποιέ-ω make πε-ποίη-κα, τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place τέ-θη-κα, δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give δέ-δω-κα.

This applies to verbs that add ε (485). For verbs that retain a short final vowel, see 488. (Except σβέννῡμι (σβε-) extinguish, which has ἔσβηκα.)

Many liquid verbs have no perfect or employ the second perfect. Examples of the regular formation are φαίνω (φαν-) show, πέφαγκα, ἀγγέλλω (ἀγγελ-) announce, ἤγγελκα.

a. Some liquid verbs drop ν; as κέκρικα, κέκλικα from κρῑ́νω (κριν-) judge, κλῑ́νω (κλιν-) incline. τείνω (τεν-) stretch has τέτακα from τετṇκα.

b. Monosyllabic stems change ε to α; as ἔσταλκα, ἔφθαρκα from στέλλω (στελ-) send, φθείρω (φθερ-) corrupt.

N. For α we expect ο; α is derived from the middle (ἔσταλμαι, ἔφθαρμαι).

c. All stems in μ and many others add ε (485); as νέμω (νεμ-ε-), distribute νενέμηκα, μέλω (μελ-ε-) care for μεμέληκα, τυγχάνω (τυχ-ε) happen τετύχηκα.

d. Many liquid verbs suffer metathesis (492) and thus get the form of vowel verbs; as βάλλω (βαλ-) throw βέβληκα; θνῄσκω (θαν-) die τέθνηκα; καλέω (καλε-, κλη-) call κέκληκα; κάμνω (καμ-) am weary κέκμηκα; τέμνω (τεμ-) cut τέτμηκα. Also πῑ́πτω (πετ-, πτο-) fall πέπτωκα. See 128 a.

Dental stems drop τ, δ, θ before -κα; as πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-) persuade πέπεικα, κομίζω (κομιδ-) carry κεκόμικα.

The stem of the second perfect is formed by adding α to the reduplicated verb-stem: γέ-γραφ-α I have written (γράφ-ω).

The second perfect is almost always formed from stems ending in a liquid or a stop consonant, and not from vowel stems.

a. ἀκήκοα (ἀκούω hear) is for ἀκηκο(ϝ)-α (ἀκοϝ- = ἀκου̯-, 43).

Verb-stems showing variation between short and long vowels (476) have long vowels in the second perfect (ᾰ is thus regularly lengthened). Thus, τήκω (τακ-, τηκ-) melt τέτηκα, κρᾱ́ζω (κραγ-) cry out κέκρᾱγα, φαίνω (φαν-) show πέφηνα have appeared (but πέφαγκα have shown), ῥήγνῡμι (ῥαγ-, ῥηγ-, ῥωγ-, 477 c) break ἔρρωγα.

a. εἴωθα am accustomed ( = σε-σϝωθ-α) has the strong form ω (cp. ἦθος custom, 123); Hom. ἔθω (Attic ἐθίζω accustom).

The second perfect has ο, οι when the verb-stem varies between α, ε, ο (478, 479) or ι, ει, οι (477 a): τρέφ-ω (τρεφ-, τροφ-, τραφ-) nourish τέτροφα, λείπω (λιπ-, λειπ-, λοιπ-) leave λέλοιπα, πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-) persuade πέποιθα trust.

Similarly verbs with the variation υ, ευ, ου (476) should have ου; but this occurs only in Epic εἰλήλουθα ( = Att. ἐλήλυθα); cp. ἐλεύ(θ)-σομαι. Other verbs have ευ, as φεύγω flee πέφευγα.

After Attic reduplication (446) the stem of the second perfect has the weak form; ἀλείφω (ἀλειφ-, ἀλιφ-) anoint ἀλήλιφα.

Apart from the variations in 563-566 the vowel of the verb-stem remains unchanged: as γέγραφα (γράφω write), κέκῡφα (κῡ́πτω stoop, κῡφ-).

The meaning of the second perfect may differ from that of the present; as ἐγρήγορα am awake from ἐγείρω wake up, σέσηρα grin from σαίρω sweep. The second perfect often has the force of a present; as πέποιθα trust (πέπεικα have persuaded). See 819.

In many stems a final π or β changes to φ: a final κ or γ changes to χ. (φ and χ here imitate verb-stems in φ and χ, as τρέφω, ὀρύττω.)

κόπτω (κοπ-) cut κέκοφα, πέμπ-ω send πέπομφα, βλάπτω (βλαβ-) injure βέβλαφα, τρῑ́βω (τρῑβ-) rub τέτρῐφα, φυλάττω (φυλακ-) guard -πεφύλαχα; τρέφ-ω (τρεφ-) nourish τέτροφα; ὀρύττω (ὀρυχ-) dig ὀρώρυχα.

Most such stems have a short vowel immediately before the final consonant; a long vowel precedes ε.γ. in δείκ-νῡ-μι δέδειχα, κηρῡ́ττω (κηρῡκ-) -κεκηρῡχα, πτήσσω (πτηκ-) ἔπτηχα. τέτριφα and τέθλιφα show ῐ in contrast to ῑ in the present (τρῑ́βω, θλῑ́βω). στέργω, λάμπω do not aspirate (ἔστοργα, poet. λέλαμπα).

The following verbs have aspirated second perfects: ἄγω, ἀλλάττω, ἀνοίγω, βλάπτω, δείκνῡμι, διώκω (rare), θλῑ́βω, κηρῡ́ττω, κλέπτω, κόπτω, λαγχάνω, λαμβάνω, λάπτω, λέγω collect, μάττω, μείγνῡμι, πέμπω, πλέκω, πρᾱ́ττω, πτήσσω, τάττω, τρέπω, τρῑ́βω, φέρω (ἐνήνοχα), φυλάττω. ἀνοίγω or ἀνοίγνῡμι has two perfects: ἀνέῳχα and ἀνέῳγα. πρᾱ́ττω do has πέπρᾱγα have done and fare (well or ill), and (generally later) πέπρᾱχα have done.

Some verbs add the endings directly to the reduplicated verb-stem. Such second perfects lack the singular of the indicative.

ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) set, 2 perf. stem ἑστα-: ἕστα-μεν, ἕστα-τε, ἑστᾶσι, inf. ἑστά-ναι; 2 plup. ἕστα-σαν (417). The singular is supplied by the forms in -κα; as ἕστηκα. These second perfects are enumerated in 704.

Originally the second perfect was inflected throughout without any thematic vowel (cp. the perfect middle), but with stem-gradation: strong forms in the singular, weak forms elsewhere. -α (1 singular) was introduced in part from the aorist and spread to the other persons. Corresponding to the inflection of οἶδα (794) we expect πέποιθα, πέποισθα, πέποιθε, πέπιστον, πέπιθμεν, πέπιστε, πεπίθατι (from πεπιθṇτι). Traces of this mode of inflection appear in Hom. γεγάτην (from γεγṇτην, 35 b) γέγαμεν from γέγονα; ἔϊκτον, ἐΐκτην, ἐϊκώς from ἔοικα; ἐπέπιθμεν; μέμαμεν from μέμονα; πέπασθε (for πεπαθτε = πεπṇθτε) from πέπονθα (other examples 704, 705). So the masc. and neut. participles have the strong forms, the feminine has the weak forms (μεμηκώς, μεμακυῖα as εἰδώς, ἰδυῖα).

The stem of the perfect and pluperfect middle and passive is the reduplicated verb-stem, to which the personal endings are directly attached. λέλυ-μαι I have loosed myself or have been loosed, ἐ-λελύ-μην; δέδο-μαι (δί-δω-μι give), δέδειγ-μαι (δείκ-νῡ-μι show). On the euphonic changes of consonants, see 409.

The stem of the perfect middle is in general the same as that of the first perfect active as regards its vowel (557), the retention or expulsion of ν (559 a), and metathesis (559 d).

τῑμά-ω honour τετῑ́μη-μαι ἐτετῑμήμην; ποιέ-ω make πεποίη-μαι ἐπεποιήμην; γράφ-ω write γέγραμ-μαι; κρῑ́νω (κριν-) judge κέκρι-μαι; τείνω (τεν-) stretch τέταμαι; φθείρω (φθερ-) corrupt ἔφθαρ-μαι; βάλλω (βαλ-) throw βέβλη-μαι ἐβεβλήμην; πείθω (πιθ-, πειθ-, ποιθ-) persuade πέπεισμαι ἐπεπείσμην.

The vowel of the perfect middle stem should show the weak form when there is variation between ε (ει, ευ): ο (οι, ου): α (ι, υ). The weak form in α appears regularly in verbs containing a liquid (479): that in υ, in πέπυσμαι from πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-, πευθ-) learn, poet. ἔσσυμαι hasten from σεύω (συ-, σευ-) urge.

The vowel of the present has often displaced the weak form, as in πέπλεγμαι (πλέκ-ω weave), λέλειμμαι (λείπ-ω leave), πέπεισμαι (πείθ-ω persuade), ἔζευγμαι (ζεύγ-νῡ-μι yoke).

A final short vowel of the verb-stem is not lengthened in the verbs given in 488 a. ε is added (485) in many verbs. For metathesis see 492; for Attic reduplication see 446.

ν is retained in endings not beginning with μ, as φαίνω (φαν-) show, πέφανται, πέφανθε. Before -μαι, we have μ in ὤξυμμαι from ὀξῡ́νω (ὀξυν-) sharpen, but usually ν is replaced by ς. On the insertion of ς, see 489.

The stem of the future perfect is formed by adding -σόε- to the stem of the perfect middle. A vowel immediately preceding -σόε- is always long, though it may have been short in the perfect middle.

λῡ́-ω loose, λελῡ́-σομαι I shall have been loosed (perf. mid. λέλῠ-μαι), δέ-ω bind δεδή-σομαι (perf. mid. δέδε-μαι), γράφ-ω write γεγράψ-ομαι, καλέω call κεκλήσομαι.

The future perfect usually has a passive force. The active meaning is found where the perfect middle or active has an active meaning (1946, 1947).

κεκτήσομαι shall possess (κέκτημαι possess), κεκρᾱ́ξομαι shall cry out (κέκρᾱγα cry out), κεκλάγξομαι shall scream (κέκλαγγα scream), μεμνήσομαι shall remember (μέμνημαι remember), πεπαύσομαι shall have ceased (πέπαυμαι have ceased).

Not all verbs can form a future perfect; and few forms of this tense occur outside of the indicative: διαπεπολεμησόμενον Thuc. 7. 25 is the only sure example of the participle in classical Greek. The infinitive μεμνήσεσθαι occurs in Hom. and Attic prose.

The periphrastic construction (601) of the perfect middle (passive) participle with ἔσομαι may be used for the future perfect, as ἐψευσμένος ἔσομαι I shall have been deceived.

The future perfect active of most verbs is formed periphrastically (600). Two perfects with a present meaning, ἕστηκα I stand (ἵστημι set) and τέθνηκα I am dead (θνῄσκω), form the future perfects ἑστήξω I shall stand, τεθνήξω I shall be dead.

The stem of the first aorist passive is formed by adding -θη- (or -θε-) directly to the verb-stem: ἐ-λύ-θη-ν I was loosed, ἐ-φάν-θη-ν I was shown (φαίνω, φαν-), ἐ-δό-θη-ν I was given (δίδωμι, δο-, δω-).

a. -θη- appears in the indicative, imperative (except the third plural), and infinitive; -θε- appears in the other moods. -θη- is found before a single consonant, -θε- before two consonants or a vowel except in the nom. neuter of the participle.

The verb-stem agrees with that of the perfect middle herein:

a. Vowel verbs lengthen the final vowel of the verb-stem, as τε-τῑ́μη-μαι, ἐ-τῑμή-θην. On verbs which do not lengthen their final vowel, see 488.

b. Liquid stems of one syllable change ε to α, as τέ-τα-μαι, ἐ-τά-θην (τείνω stretch, τεν-). But στρέφω turn, τρέπω turn, τρέφω nourish have ἐστρέφθην, ἐτρέφθην, ἐθρέφθην (rare), though the perfect middles are ἔστραμμαι, τέτραμμαι, τέθραμμαι.

Before θ of the suffix, π and β become φ; κ and γ become χ (82 c); τ, δ, θ become ς (83). φ and χ remain unaltered.

λείπ-ω ἐλείφ-θην, βλάπτω (βλαβ-) ἐβλάφ-θην; φυλάττω (φυλακ-) ἐφυλάχ-θην, ἄγ-ω ἤχ-θην; κομίζω (κομιδ-) ἐκομίσ-θην, πείθ-ω ἐπείσ-θην; γράφ-ω ἐγράφ-θην, ταράττω (ταραχ-) ἐταράχ-θην.

θ of the verb-stem becomes τ in ἐ-τέ-θην, and in ἐ-τύ-θην for ἐ-θυ-θην from τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place and θῡ́ω (θυ-, θῡ-) sacrifice. See 125 c.

The stem of the first future passive is formed by adding -σόε- to the stem of the first aorist passive. It ends in -θησομαι. Thus, παιδευθή-σομαι I shall be educated, λυθή-σομαι I shall be loosed.

τῑμάω, ἐτῑμήθην τῑμηθήσομαι; ἐάω, εἰᾱ́θην ἐᾱθήσομαι; λείπω, ἐλείφθην λειφθήσομαι; πείθω, ἐπείσθην πεισθήσομαι; τείνω, ἐτάθην ταθήσομαι; τάττω, ἐτάχθην ταχθήσομαι; τίθημι, ἐτέθην τεθήσομαι; δίδωμι, ἐδόθην δοθήσομαι; δείκνῡμι, ἐδείχθην δειχθήσομαι.

The stem of the second aorist passive is formed by adding -η- (or -ε-) directly to the verb-stem. Thus, ἐβλάβην I was injured from βλάπτω (βλαβ-).

a. -η- appears in the indicative, imperative (except the third plural), and infinitive; -ε- appears in the other moods. -η- is found before a single consonant, -ε- before two consonants or a vowel except in the nom. neut. of the participle.

The second aorist passive agrees in form with the second aorist active of μι-verbs; cp. intransitive ἐχάρην rejoiced with ἔστην stood. The passive use was developed from the intransitive use.

Primitive verbs showing in their stems the grades ε: ο: α have α. Thus an ε of a monosyllabic verb-stem becomes α, as in πλέκ-ω weave ἐπλάκην, κλέπ-τ-ω steal ἐκλάπην, φθείρω (φθερ-) corrupt ἐφθάρην, στέλλω (στελ-) send ἐστάλην. But λέγω collect has ἐλέγην.

Primitive verbs showing in their stems a variation between a short and long vowel have, in the second aorist passive, the short vowel. Thus τήκω (τακ-, τηκ-) melt ἐτάκην, ῥήγνῡμι (ῥαγ-, ῥηγ-, ῥωγ-) break ἐρράγην.

a. But πλήττω (πλαγ-, πληγ-) strike has ἐπλάγην only in composition, as ἐξεπλάγην; otherwise ἐπλήγην.

The second aorist passive is the only aorist passive formed in Attic prose by ἄγνῡμι (ἐᾱ́γην), γράφω (ἐγράφην), δέρω (ἐδάρην), θάπτω (ἐτάφην), κόπτω (ἐκόπην), μαίνω (ἐμάνην), πνῑ́γω (ἐπνί̆γην), ῥάπτω (ἐρράφην), ῥέω (ἐρρύην active), ῥήγνῡμι (ἐρράγην), σήπω (ἐσάπην), σκάπτω (ἐσκάφην), σπείρω (ἐσπάρην), στέλλω (ἐστάλην), σφάζω or σφάττω (ἐσφάγην), σφάλλω (ἐσφάλην), τῡ́φω (ἐτύφην), φθείρω (ἐφθάρην pass. and intr.), φῡ́ω (in subj. φυῶ), χαίρω (ἐχάρην active).

Both the first aorist passive and the second aorist passive are formed by ἀλείφω (ἠλείφθην), ἀλλάττω (-ηλλάχθην, ἠλλάγην), βάπτω (ἐβάφην), βλάπτω (ἐβλάφθην, ἐβλάβην), βρέχω (ἐβρέχθην), ζεύγνῡμι (ἐζύγην), θλῑ́βω (ἐθλῑ́φθην), κλέπτω (ἐκλάπην), κλῑ́νω (-εκλίνην), κρύπτω (ἐκρύφθην), λέγω collect (διελέχθην, but συνελέγην), μάττω (ἐμάγην), μείγνῡμι (ἐμίγην), πήγνῡμι (ἐπάγην), πλέκω (ἐπλάκην), πλήττω (ἐπλήγην and -επλάγην), ῥῑ́πτω (ἐρρῑ́φθην, ἐρρίφην), στερίσκω (ἐστερήθην), στρέφω (ἐστράφην), τάττω (ἐτάχθην), τήκω (ἐτάκην), τρέπω (ἐτράπην pass. and intr.), τρέφω (ἐτράφην pass. and intr.), τρῑ́βω (ἐτρίβην, ἐτρῑ́φθην), φαίνω (ἐφάνθην was shown, ἐφάνην appeared), φράγνῡμι (ἐφράχθην), ψῡ́χω (ἐψύχην). Most of these verbs use either the one in prose and the other in poetry, the dialects, or late Greek. Only the forms in common prose use are inserted in brackets.

Only those verbs which have no second aorist active show the second aorist passive; except τρέπω, which has all the aorists: active ἔτρεψα and ἔτραπον turned; middle ἐτρεψάμην put to flight, ἐτραπόμην turned myself, took to flight; passive ἐτρέφθην was turned, ἐτράπην was turned and turned myself.

The stem of the second future passive is formed by adding -ς όε- to the stem of the second aorist passive. It ends in -ησομαι. Thus, βληβήσομαι I shall be injured from βλάπτω (βλαβ-) ἐ-βλάβη-ν.

κόπ-τ-ω, ἐκόπην κοπήσομαι; γράφω, ἐγράφην γραφήσομαι; φαίνω, ἐφάνην appeared, φανήσομαι; φθείρω, ἐφθάρην φθαρήσομαι; πήγνῡμι fix, ἐπάγην παγήσομαι.

Most of the verbs in 594, 595 form second futures passive except ἄγνῡμι, ἀλείφω, βάπτω, βρέχω, ζεύγνῡμι, θλῑ́βω, κλέπτω, μαίνω, μάττω, ῥάπτω. But many of the second futures appear only in poetry or in late Greek, and some are found only in composition.

For the simple perfect and pluperfect periphrastic forms are often used.

a. For the perfect or pluperfect active indicative the forms of the perfect active participle and εἰμί or ἦν may be used: as λελυκώς εἰμι for λέλυκα, λελυκὼς ἦν for ἐλελύκη. So βεβοηθηκότες ἦσαν for ἐβεβοηθήκεσαν (βοηθέω come to aid); εἰμὶ τεθηκὼς for τέθηκα I have placed; γεγραφὼς ἦν for ἐγεγράφη I had written; πεπονθὼς ἦν I had suffered. Such forms are more common in the pluperfect and in general denote state rather than action.

b. For the perfect active a periphrasis of the aorist participle and ἔχω is sometimes used, especially when a perfect active form with transitive meaning is lacking; as στήσᾱς ἔχω I have placed (ἕστηκα, intransitive, stand), ἐρασθεὶς ἔχω I have loved. So often because the aspirated perfect is not used, as ἔχεις ταράξᾱς thou hast stirred up. Cp. habeo with the perfect participle.

c. In the perfect active subjunctive and optative the forms in -κω and -κοιμι are very rare. In their place the perfect active participle with ὦ and εἴην is usually employed: λελυκὼς (λελοιπὼς) ὦ, εἴην. Other forms than 3 sing. and 3 pl. are rare. Cp. 691, 694.

d. The perfect or pluperfect passive is often paraphrased by the perfect participle and ἐστί or ἦν; as γεγραμμένον ἐστί it stands written, ἐστὶ δεδογμένον it stands resolved, παρηγγελμένον ἦν = παρήγγελτο (παραγγέλλω give orders).

e. In the third plural of the perfect and pluperfect middle (passive) the perfect middle participle with εἰσί (ἦσαν) is used when a stem ending in a consonant would come in direct contact with the endings -νται, -ντο. See 408.

f. The perfect subjunctive and optative middle are formed by the perfect middle participle with ὦ or εἴην: λελυμένος ὦ, εἴην.

g. The perfect imperative of all voices may be expressed by combining the perfect participle with ἴσθι, ἔστω (697). λελυκὼς ἴσθι loose, etc., εἰρημένον ἔστω let it have been said, γεγονὼς ἔστω P. L. 951c, γεγονότες ἔστωσαν P. L. 779d.

h. Periphrasis of the infinitive is rare: τεθνηκότα εἶναι to be dead X. C. 1.4.11.

The future perfect active of most verbs is formed by combining the perfect active participle with ἔσομαι shall be. Thus, γεγραφὼς ἔσομαι I shall have written, cp. scriptus ero. For the two verbs which do not use this periphrasis, see 584.

a. The perfect middle participle is used in the case of deponent verbs: ἀπολελογημένος ἔσομαι And. 1.72.

The future perfect passive may be expressed by using the perfect middle (passive) participle with ἔσομαι shall be. Thus, ἐψευσμένοι ἔσεσθε you will have been deceived.

Verbs in -ω have the thematic vowel -όε (-ώη-) between the tense-stem and the personal endings in the present system. The name “ω-conjugation,” or “thematic conjugation,” is applied to all verbs which form the present and imperfect with the thematic vowel.

Inflected according to the ω-conjugation are all thematic presents and imperfects; those second aorists active and middle in which the tense-stem ends with the thematic vowel; all futures, all first aorists active and middle; and most perfects and pluperfects active.

Certain tenses of verbs ending in -ω in the first person present indicative active, or of deponent verbs in which the personal endings are preceded by the thematic vowel, are inflected without the thematic vowel, herein agreeing with μι-verbs. These tenses are: all aorists passive; all perfects and pluperfects middle and passive; a few second perfects and pluperfects active; and those second aorists active and middle in which the tense-stem does not end with the thematic vowel. But all subjunctives are thematic.

Verbs in -ω fall into two main classes, distinguished by the last letter of the verb-stem:

1. Vowel verbs: a. Uncontracted verbs. b. Contracted verbs.

2. Consonant verbs: a. Liquid verbs. b. Stop (or mute) verbs.

N. Under 2 fall also (c) those verbs whose stems ended in ς or ϝ (624).

Vowel verbs usually do not form second aorists, second perfects, and second futures in the passive. A vowel short in the present is commonly lengthened in the other tenses. Vowel verbs belong to the first class of present stems (498-504; but see 612).

Vowel verbs not contracted have verb-stems ending in ῐ̄, ῠ̄, or in a diphthong (αι, ει, αυ, ευ, ου).

(ι) ἐσθίω eat, πρῑ́ω saw, χρῑ́ω anoint, poet. δίω fear, τῑ́ω honour (500. 2); (υ) ἀνύω accomplish, μεθύω am intoxicated, λῡ́ω loose, θῡ́ω sacrifice, φῡ́ω produce, κωλῡ́ω hinder (and many others, 500. 1 a); (αι) κναίω scratch, παίω strike, πταίω stumble, παλαίω wrestle, ἀγαίομαι am indignant, δαίω kindle, δαίομαι divide, λιλαίομαι desire eagerly, poet. μαίομαι desire, ναίω dwell, ῥαίω strike; (ει) κλήω (later κλείω) shut, σείω shake, Epic κείω split and rest; (αυ) αὕω kindle, θραύω break, ἀπολαύω enjoy, παύω make cease (παύομαι cease), poet. ἰαύω rest; (ευ) βασιλεύω am king, βουλεύω consult (βουλεύομαι deliberate), θηρεύω hunt, κελεύω order, λεύω stone, παιδεύω educate, χορεύω dance, φονεύω slay. Most verbs in -ευω are either denominatives, as βασιλεύω from βασιλεύς; or are due to the analogy of such denominatives, as παιδεύω. γεύομαι taste is a primitive. θέω run, νέω swim, πλέω sail, πνέω breathe, ῥέω flow, χέω pour have forms in ευ, υ; cp. poet. σεύω urge, ἀλεύω avert, ἀχεύω am grieved; (ου) ἀκούω hear, κολούω dock, κρούω beat, λούω wash.

Some primitive vowel verbs in -ιω, -υω (522) formed their present stem by the aid of the suffix ι̯ (y), which has been lost. Denominatives in -ιω, -υω, -ευω regularly added the suffix, as poet. μηνί-ω am wroth from μηνι-ι̯ω (μῆνι-ς wrath), poet. δακρῡ́ω weep (δάκρυ tear), poet. φῑτῡ́-ω beget from φῑτυ-ι̯ω, μεθύω am drunk, βασιλεύω am king. Poet. δηρῑ́ομαι, μαστίω, μητίομαι, κηκίω, ἀχλύω, γηρύω, ἰθύω.

The stem of some of the uncontracted vowel verbs originally ended in ς or ϝ (624).

Some verbs with verb-stems in vowels form presents in -νω (523), as πῑ́νω drink, φθῑ́νω perish; and in -σκω (526).

Vowel verbs that contract have verb-stems ending in α, ε, ο, with some in ᾱ, η, ω.

All contracted verbs form their present stem by the help of the suffix ι̯ (y), and properly belong to the Third Class (522).

Some contracted verbs have verb-stems which originally ended in ς or ϝ (624).

Liquid verbs have verb-stems in λ, μ, ν, ρ.

The present is rarely formed from the simple verb-stem, as in μέν-ω remain; ordinarily the suffix ι̯ (y) is added, as in στέλλω (στελ-ι̯ω) send, κρῑ́νω (κρῐν-ι̯ω) judge, κτείνω (κτεν-ι̯ω) slay, φαίνω (φαν-ι̯ω) show.

A short vowel of the verb-stem remains short in the future but is lengthened in the first aorist (544). Thus:

a. α in the future, η in the aorist: φαίνω (φαν-) show, φανῶ, ἔφηνα. In this class fall all verbs in -αινω, -αιρω, -αλλω.

b. ε in the future, ει in the aorist: μέν-ω remain, μενῶ, ἔμεινα; στέλλω (στελ-) send, στελῶ, ἔστειλα. Here belong verbs in -ελλω, -εμω, -εμνω, -ερω, -ειρω, -ενω, -εινω.

c. ῐ in the future, ῑ in the aorist: κλῑ́νω (κλιν-) incline, κλῐνῶ, ἔκλῑνα. Here belong verbs in -ιλλω, -ῑνω, -ῑρω.

d. ῠ in the future, ῡ in the aorist: σῡ́ρω (συρ-) drag, σῠρῶ, ἔσῡρα. Here belong verbs in -ῡρω, -ῡνω.

For the formation of the future stem see 535, of the aorist stem see 544.

For the perfect stem see 559. Few liquid verbs make second perfects. On the change of ε, α of the verb-stem to ο, η in the second perfect, see 478, 484.

Liquid verbs with futures in -ῶ do not form future perfects.

Monosyllabic verb-stems containing ε have α in the first perfect active, perfect middle, first aorist and future passive and in all second aorists, but ο in the second perfect. Thus, φθείρω (φθερ-) corrupt, ἔφθαρκα, ἔφθαρμαι, ἐφθάρην, but δι-έφθορα have destroyed (819).

A few monosyllabic stems do not change ε to α in the 2 aor., as τέμνω cut ἔτεμον (but ἔταμον in Hom., Hdt. etc.), γίγνομαι (γεν-) become ἐγενόμην. See also θείνω, θέρομαι, κέλομαι, root φεν-. Few liquid verbs form second aorists.

Stems of more than one syllable do not change the vowel of the verb-stem.

The arrangement is according to the classes of the present stem. Words poetic or mainly poetic or poetic and Ionic are starred.

I. βούλομαι (βουλ-ε-), ἐθέλω (ἐθελ-ε-), εἰλέω* (εἰλ-ε-), ἴλλω*, μέλλω, μέλω, πέλομαι*, φιλέω (Epic φιλ-).—βρέμω*, γέμω, δέμω*, θέρμω*, νέμω, τρέμω, and γαμέω (γαμ-ε-).—γίγνομαι (γεν-ε-), μένω, μίμνω* (μεν-), πένομαι, σθένω*, στένω, and γεγωνέω* (γεγων-ε-).—Verbs in -εμω and -ενω have only pres. and imperf., or form their tenses in part from other stems.— δέρω, ἔρομαι (ἐρ-ε-), ἔρρω (ἐρρ-ε-), θέρομαι*, στέρομαι, φέρω, ἐπαυρέω*, (ἐπαυρ-ε-), and κυρέω* (κυρ-ε-), τορέω* (τορ-ε).

III. ἀγάλλομαι, ἀγγέλλω, αἰόλλω*, ἄλλομαι, ἀτιτάλλω*, βάλλω, δαιδάλλω*, θάλλω, ἰάλλω*, ἰνδάλλομαι*, ὀκέλλω, ὀφείλω (ὀφελ-, ὀφειλε-), ὀφέλλω*, πάλλω, ποικίλλω, σκέλλω*, στέλλω, -τέλλω, τίλλω*, σφάλλω, ψάλλω.—-αινω verbs (the following list includes primitives, and most of the denominatives in classical Greek from extant ν-stems, or from stems which once contained ν; 518 a): αἵνω*, ἀσθμαίνω*, ἀφραίνω*, δειμαίνω*, δραίνω*, εὐφραίνω, θαυμαίνω, ἰαίνω*, καίνω*, κραίνω*, κῡμαίνω*, κωμαίνω*, λῡμαίνομαι, μελαίνομαι, ξαίνω, ὀνομαίνω*, πημαίνω*, πιαίνω*, ποιμαίνω, ῥαίνω, σαίνω, σημαίνω, σπερμαίνω*, τεκταίνομαι, φαίνω, φλεγμαίνω, χειμαίνω*, χραίνω. All other denominatives in -αινω are due to analogy; as ἀγριαίνω, αὑαίνω, γλυκαίνω, δυσχεραίνω, ἐχθραίνω, θερμαίνω, ἰσχναίνω, κερδαίνω, κοιλαίνω, κῡδαίνω*, λεαίνω, λευκαίνω*, μαραίνω, μαργαίνω*, μιαίνω, μωραίνω, ξηραίνω, ὁρμαίνω*, ὀσφραίνομαι, πεπαίνω, περαίνω, πικραίνω, ῥυπαίνω, τετραίνω, ὑγιαίνω, ὑδραίνω*, ὑφαίνω, χαλεπαίνω.—ἀλεείνω*, γείνομαι*, ἐρεείνω*, θείνω*, κτείνω, πειρείνω*, στείνω*, τείνω, φαείνω*.—κλῑ́νω (κλι-ν-), κρῑ́νω (κρι-ν-), ὀρῑ́νω*, σῑ́νομαι (Xenoph.), ὠδῑ́νω.—αἰσχῡ́νω, ἀλγῡ́νω, ἀρτῡ́νω*, βαθῡ́νω, βαρῡ́νω, βραδῡ́νω*, ἡδῡ́νω, θαρσῡ́νω, ἰθῡ́νω*, λεπτῡ́νω, ὀξῡ́νω, ὀρτῡ́νω*, πλῡ́νω.—αἴρω, ἀσπαίρω, γεραίρω*, ἐναίρω*, ἐχθαίρω*, καθαίρω, μαρμαίρω*, μεγαίρω*, σαίρω*, σκαίρω, τεκμαίρομαι, χαίρω (χαρ-ε-), ψαίρω.—ἀγείρω, ἀμείρω*, δείρω, ἐγείρω, εἴρομαι*, -εἴρω join, εἴρω* say, ἱμείρω*, κείρω, μείρομαι, πείρω*, σπείρω, τείρω*, φθείρω.— οἰκτῑ́ρω (miswritten οἰκτείρω).—κινῡ́ρομαι*, μαρτῡ́ρομαι, μινῡ́ρομαι*, μορμῡ́ρω*, μῡ́ρω*, ὀδῡ́ρομαι, ὀλοφῡ́ρομαι, πορφῡ́ρω*, σῡ́ρω, φῡ́ρω*.

IV. a. κάμνω, τέμνω; b. ὀφλισκάνω (ὀφλ-ε-); h. βαίνω, κερδαίνω, τετραίνω (also Class III); i. ὀσφραίνομαι (ὀσφρ-ε-), also Class III. V. See 527.

Many verb stems end in a stop (or mute) consonant.

The present is formed either from the simple verb-stem, as in πλέκ-ω weave, or by the addition of τ or ι̯ (y) to the verb-stem, as in βλάπτω (βλαβ-) injure, φυλάττω (φυλακ-ι̯ω) guard. All tenses except the present and imperfect are formed without the addition of τ or ῖ to the verb-stem; thus, βλάψω from βλαβ-σ-ω, φυλάξω from φυλακ-σ-ω.

Some monosyllabic stems show a variation in the quantity of the stem vowel ι or υ, as τρῑ́βω rub perf. τέτρῐφα, ψῡ́χω cool 2 aor. pass. ἐψύ̆χην, τήκω melt (Doric τᾱ́κω) 2 aor. pass. ἐτά̆κην. Cp. 475, 477 c, 500. Many monosyllabic stems show qualitative vowel gradation: ι ει οι; υ ευ ου; α η ω; α ε ο. For examples see 477-484.

The arrangement of the examples is by classes of the present stem. Words poetic or mainly poetic or poetic and Ionic are starred. The determination of the final consonant of the verb-stem of verbs in -ζω, -ττω (poetic, Ionic, and later Attic -σσω) is often impossible (516).

π—I. βλέπω, δρέπω, ἔλπω*, ἐνέπω*, ἕπομαι, ἐρείπω*, ἕρπω, λάμπω, λείπω, λέπω, μέλπω*, πέμπω, πρέπει, ῥέπω, τέρπω, τρέπω.

II. ἀστράπτω, γνάμπτω*, δάπτω*, ἐνίπτω*, ἐρέπτομαι*, ἰάπτω*, κάμπτω, κλέπτω, κόπτω, μάρπτω*, σκέπτομαι, σκήπτω, σκηρίπτομαι*, σκώπτω, χαλέπτω, and δουπέω* (δουπ-ε-), κτυπέω* (κτυπ-ε-), τύπτω (τυπ-ε-).

β—I. ἀμείβομαι, θλῑ́βω, λείβω*, σέβομαι, στείβω*, τρῑ́βω, φέβομαι*.

II. βλάπτω, καλύπτω.—IV. c. λαμβάνω (λαβ-).

φ—I. ἀλείφω, γλύφω, γράφω, ἐρέφω, μέμφομαι, νείφει (νῑ́φει), νήφω, στέφω, στρέφω, τρέφω, τῡ́φω*.

II. ἅπτω, βάπτω, δρύπτω*, θάπτω (125 g), θρύπτω (125 g), κρύπτω (κρυφ-, κρυβ-), κῡ́πτω, λάπτω, ῥάπτω, ῥῑ́πτω (ἐρρίφ-ην, but ῥῑπ-ή), σκάπτω.

IV. a. πίτνω* = πῑ́πτω.—ἀλφάνω* (ἀλφ-).—V. ἀπαφίσκω* (ἀφ-ε-).

τ—I. δατέομαι* (δατ-ε-), κεντέω* (κεντ-ε-), πατέομαι (πατ-ε-), πέτομαι (πετ-, πτε-).

III. ἀγρώσσω*, αἱμάσσω*, βλίττω (βλιτ- from μλιτ-, 130), βράττω, ἐρέσσω*, λίσσομαι*, πυρέττω (πυρετ-, πυρεγ-).

IV. b. ἁμαρτάνω (ἁμαρτ-ε-), βλαστάνω (βλαστ-ε-).

δ—I. ᾁδω, ἀλίνδω* (ἀλινδ-ε-), ἀμέρδω*, ἄρδω, ἔδω*, εἴδομαι*, ἐπείγω, ἐρείδω*, (καθ) εύδω (εὑδ-ε-), ἥδομαι, κήδω* (κηδ-ε-), κυλίνδω*, μέδομαι* (μεδ-ε-), μήδομαι*, πέρδομαι, σπένδω, σπεύδω, φείδομαι (also Epic φειδε-), ψεύδομαι, and κελαδέω* (κελαδ-ε-).

III. Examples of denominatives from actual δ-stems. γυμνάζω, δεκάζω, διχάζω, μιγάζομαι*, ὀπίζομαι*, παίζω, πεμπάζω, ψακάζω.—αὐλίζομαι, δωρίζω, ἐλπίζω, ἐρίζω, κερκίζω, ληΐζομαι, στολίζω, φροντίζω, ψηφίζω.

IV. ἁνδάνω* (ἁδ-ε-), κερδαίνω (κερδαν-, κερδ-ε-), οἰδάνω* (οἰδ-ε-), χανδάνω (χαδ-, χανδ-, χενδ-).

θ—I. αἴθω*, ἄλθομαι* (ἀλθ-ε-), ἄχθομαι, βρώθω*, εἴωθα (ἐθ-, 563 a), ἐρεύθω*, ἔχθω*, κεύθω*, κλώθω*, λήθω*, πείθω, πέρθω*, πεύθομαι*, πῡ́θω, and γηθέω (γηθ-ε-), ὠθέω (ὠθ-ε-).

III. κορύσσω*.

IV. b. αἰσθάνομαι (αἰσθ-ε-), ἀπεχθάνομαι (ἐχθ-ε-), δαρθάνω (δαρθ-ε-), ὀλισθάνω (ὀλισθ-ε-), λανθάνω (λαθ-), μανθάνω (μαθ-ε-), πυνθάνομαι (πυθ-).

V. πάσχω for παθ-σκω (98, 126).

κ—I. βρῡ́κω, δέρκομαι*, διώκω, εἴκω yield, εἴκω* resemble, ἔλκω, ἐρείκω*, ἐρῡ́κω*, ἥκω, ῑ̔́κω*, πείκω*, πλέκω, ῥέγκω*, τήκω, τίκτω (τεκ-) and δοκέω (δοκ-ε-), μηκάομαι (μηκ-α-), μῡκάομαι (μῡκ-α-).

III. αἰνίττομαι, ᾁττω, δεδίττομαι, ἑλίττω, ἐνίσσω*, θωρήσσω*, κηρῡ́ττω, μαλάττω, μύττω, πέττω (and πέπτω), πλίσσομαι*, φρῑ́ττω, πτήσσω, φυλάττω.

IV. a. δάκνω; d. ἱκνέομαι (ἱκ-).—V. See 527 b.

γ—I. ἄγω, ἀμέλγω, ἀρήγω*, ἐπείγω, εἴργω, ἐρεύγομαι*, θέλγω*, θήγω, λέγω, λήγω, ὀρέγω*, πνῑ́γω, στέγω, στέργω, σφίγγω, τέγγω, τμήγω*, τρώγω, φεύγω, φθέγγομαι, φλέγω, φρῡ́γω, ψέγω, and ῥῑγέω (ῥῑγ-ε-), στυγέω (στυγ-ε-).

III. ἔρδω* and ῥέζω* (511).—ἅζομαι*, ἀλαλάζω*, ἀλαπάζω*, ἁρπάζω, αὐδάζω, βαστάζω, κρᾱ́ζω, πλάζω*, στάζω, στενάζω, σφάζω* (σφάττω).—δαΐζω*, θωμίζω*, κρίζω, μαστίζω, σαλπίζω, στηρίζω, στίζω, στροφαλίζω*, σῡρίζω, τρίζω*, φορμίζω*.—ἀτύζομαι*, γρύζω, μύζω, ὀλολύζω, σφύζω.—οἰμώζω.

IV. c. θιγγάνω (θιγ-).—V. μίσγω (526 c).

χ—I. ἄγχω, ἄρχω, βραχ- in ἔβραχε*, βρέχω, γλίχομαι, δέχομαι, ἐλέγχω, ἔρχομαι, εὔχομαι, ἔχω (σεχ-), ἰάχω*, ἴσχω (σισχ-ω), λείχω*, μάχομαι (μαχ-ε-), νήχω*, οἴχομαι (οἰχ-ε-, οἰχ-ο-), σμῡ́χω*, σπέρχω*, στείχω*, τεύχω*, τρέχω, τρῡ́χω (τρῡχ-ο-), ψήχω, ψῡ́χω, and βρῡχάομαι* (βρῡχ-α-).

III. ἀμύσσω*, βήττω, θρᾱ́ττω, ὀρύττω, πτύσσω, πτώσσω*, ταράττω.

IV. c. κιγχάνω* (κιχ-ε-), λαγχάνω (λαχ-), τυγχάνω (τυχ-ε, τευχ-).—d. ἀμπισχνέομαι (ἀμπεχ-), ὑπισχνέομαι (ὑπεχ-).—V. διδάσκω (διδαχ-).

ξ, ψ—I. ἀλέξω* (ἀλεξ-ε-, ἀλεκ-), αὔξω.—IV. b. αὐξάνω (αὐξ-ε-).—I. ἕψω (ἑψ-ε-).

Verbs in ς or Ϝ(υ̯).—Some verb-stems ended originally in ς or ϝ.

a. Sigma-stems (cp. 488 d) with presents either from -σ-ω or -σ-ι̯ω. Thus (1) from -σ-ω: ἀκούω, αὕω burn, γεύω, εὕω, ζέω, θραύω, κρούω, νῑ́σομαι* (νινσ-ομαι, cp. νόσ-τος), ξέω, σείω, τρέω*; (2) from -σ-ι̯ω (488 d): ἀγαίομαι*, αἰδέομαι, ἀκέομαι (Hom. ἀκείομαι), ἀρκέω, γελάω, κείω* split, κλείω* (i.e. κλεέω) celebrate, κονῑ́ω*, λιλαίομαι*, μαίομαι*, ναίω* dwell, νεικέω (Hom. νεικείω), οἰνοβαρείω*, οἴομαι (from ὀΐομαι), πενθέω (Hom. πενθείω), πτίττω (πτινσ-ι̯ω), τελέω (Hom. τελείω), and some others that do not lengthen the vowel of the verb-stem (488).

Also others, such as ἀρέσκω (ἀρεσ-), ἕννῡμι, ζώννῡμι, σβέννῡμι (732).—ς is retained in τέρσομαι*.

b. ϝ-stems (from -υ̯-ι̯ω): γαίω*, δαίω* kindle, καίω (520), κλαίω (520), ναίω* swim, flow ι 222.—For the loss of ϝ in θέω, etc., see 43, 503.

Verbs which end in ω in the first person present indicative active, and deponent verbs in which the personal endings are preceded by the thematic vowel, have the following peculiarities of inflection:

a. The thematic vowel usually appears in all tenses except the perfect and pluperfect middle (passive) and the aorist passive (except in the subjunctive). These three tenses are inflected like μι-verbs.

b. The present and future singular active end in -ω, -εις, -ει (463). The ending -μι appears only in the optative.

c. The thematic vowel ο unites in the indicative with the ending -ντι, and forms -ουσι (463 d).

d. The third plural active of past tenses ends in -ν.

e. The imperative active has no personal ending in the second person singular except -ο-ν in the first aorist.

f. Except in the perfect and pluperfect the middle endings -σαι and -σο lose ς and contract with the final vowel of the tense-stem (465 a, b). In the optative contraction cannot take place (λῡ́οι-(σ)ο, λῡ́σαι-(σ)ο).

g. The infinitive active has -ειν (for -ε-εν) in the present, future, and second aorist; -ε-ναι in the perfect; and -αι in the aorist.

h. Active participles with stems in -οντ- have the nominative masculine in -ων.

In 627-716 the method of inflection of all ω-verbs, both vowel and consonant, is described. The examples are generally taken from vowel verbs, but the statements hold true of consonant verbs.

Forms of ω-verbs which are inflected according to the non-thematic conjugation are included under the ω-verbs.

For the formation of the present stem see 497-531.

Vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the present by attaching the primary endings (when there are any) to the present stem in -όε (-ώη-). λῡ́ω, τῑμῶ (τῑμά-ω), φαίνω, λείπω. The imperfect attaches the secondary endings to the present stem with the augment. See the paradigms, pp. 114, 120. For the active forms -ω, -εις, -ει, see 463.

-ῃ and -ει are found in the pres. fut. mid. and pass., fut. perf. pass. ε-(σ)αι yields ῃ (written EI in the Old Attic alphabet, 2 a), which is usually given as the proper spelling in the texts of the tragic poets, whereas ει is printed in the texts of prose and comedy. ει was often written for ηι (ῃ) after 400 B.C., as in ἀγαθεῖ τύχει, since both had the sound of a close long e. It is often impossible to settle the spelling; but βούλει wishest, οἴει thinkest, and ὄψει shalt see (from ὁράω) have only the -ει forms. -ει is sometimes called Attic and Ionic in contrast to -ῃ of the other dialects, including the Koiné.

The present subjunctive adds the primary endings to the tense-stem with the long thematic vowel. For the endings -ῃς, -ῃ see 463. Thus, λῡ́ω, -ῃς, -ῃ, τῑμᾷς ( = τῑμά-ῃς), τῑμᾷ ( = τῑμά-ῃ), φαίνωμεν, -ητε, -ωσι (from -ωντι). Middle λῡ́ω-μαι, λῡ́ῃ ( = λῡ́η-σαι), λῡ́η-ται; τῑμᾶ-σθον ( = τῑμάη-σθον); φαινώ-μεθα, φαίνη-σθε, φαίνω-νται.

To the tense-stem ending in the thematic vowel (always ο) are added the mood-sign -ῑ- (-ιε-) or -ιη- (459, 460) and the secondary personal endings (except -μι for -ν, where the mood sign is -ῑ-, 459). In the 3 pl. we have -ιε-ν.

a. The final vowel of the tense-stem (ο) contracts with the mood suffix (ῑ), ο-ῑ becoming οι. Thus λῡ́οιμι (λῡ́ο-ῑ-μι), λῡ́οις (λῡ́ο-ῑ-ς), λῡ́οιεν (λῡ́ο-ιε-ν), λῡοίμην (λῡο-ῑ́-μην), λῡ́οιο (λῡ́ο-ῑ-σο).

The present imperative endings are added to the tensestem with the thematic vowel ε (ο before -ντων). The 2 pers. sing. active has no ending, but uses the tense-stem instead (παίδευε, φαῖνε). In the middle -σο loses its ς (466, 2 a); λῡ́ου from λῡ́ε-σο, φαίνου from φαίνε-σο. On the forms in -ετωσαν and -εσθωσαν for -οντων and -εσθων, see 466, 2 b.

The present stem unites with -εν: λῡ́ε-εν = λῡ́ειν, λείπε-εν = λείπειν. In the middle (passive) -σθαι is added: λῡ́ε-σθαι, λείπε-σθαι.

The present participle adds -ντ- to the present stem ending in the thematic vowel ο. Stems in -ο-ντ have the nominative singular in -ων. Thus masc. λῡ́ων from λῡοντ-ς, fem. λῡ́ουσα from λῡοντ-ι̯α, neut. λῦον from λῡον(τ). See 301 a and N.

A few ω-verbs in the present and imperfect show forms of the μι-conjugation. These are usually Epic.

δέχομαι, 3 pl. δέχαται await for δεχṇται, part. δέγμενος, imperf. ἐδέγμην. But these are often regarded as perfect and pluperfect without reduplication. ἐδέγμην in some passages is a second aorist (688).—ἔδω eat (529. 5), inf. ἔδμεναι.—ἐρύω (or εἰρύω) in εἰρύαται.—λοῦται wash is from λόεται, not from λούω (cp. 398 a).— οἶμαι think is probably a perfect to οἴομαι (οἰ-ο-).—οὐτάω wound in οὖτα, οὐτάμεναι is 2 aor.—φέρω bear, imper. φέρτε.

Verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω contract the final α, ε, ο of the verb-stem with the thematic vowel -όε (-ώη) in the present and imperfect tenses. Thus, τῑμάω τῑμῶ, ποιέω ποιῶ, δηλόω δηλῶ; ἐτῑ́μαον ἐτῑ́μων, ἐποίεον ἐποίουν, ἐδήλοον ἐδήλουν. The rules of contraction are given in 4955; the paradigms, p. 120.

a. Open forms of -εω verbs occur in the lyric parts of tragedy.

The subjunctive adds the primary endings. For the contractions see 59.

άοι becomes ῷ, έοι and όοι become οῖ. Thus. -άο-ῑ-μι = -ῷμι, -αο-ίη-ν = -ῴην, -αο-ῑ́-μην = -ῴμην; -έο-ῑ-μι = -οῖμι, -εο-ίη-ν = -οίην, -εο-ῑ́-μην = -οίμην; -όο-ῑ-μι = -οῖμι, -ο-ίη-ν = -οίην, -οο-ῑ́-μην = -οίμην. Thus, τῑμῴην (τῑμαο-ίη-ν), τῑμῴης (τῑμαο-ίη-ς), τῑμῴη (τῑμαο-ίη), τῑμῴμην (τῑμαο-ῑ́-μην), ποιοῖο (ποιέο-ῑ-σο), ποιοῖτο (ποιέο-ῑ-το).

In the singular -αω verbs usually end in -ῴην, -ῴης, -ώῃ, rarely in -ῷμι, -ῷς, -ῷ. -εω verbs usually end in -οίην, -οίης, -οίη, rarely in -οῖμι, -οῖς, -οῖ (-οῖ chiefly in Plato).

Few cases of the optative of -οω verbs occur. In the sing. both -οίην and -οῖμι are found; in the plur. -οῖμεν, -οῖτε, -οῖεν. For ῥῑγῴην from ῥῑγόω shiver see 641.

Several contract verbs have stems in -ᾱ, -η, -ω.

These are the verbs of 394, 398 with apparently irregular contraction, and δρῶ do; with presents made from -ᾱ-ι̯ω, -η-ι̯ω, -ω-ι̯ω. Thus, from ζήω, ζήεις, ζήει and χρήομαι, χρήε(σ)αι, χρήεται come ζῶ, ζῇς, ζῇ and χρῶμαι, χρῇ, χρῆται; so διψῆν, πεινῆν from διψή-εν, πεινή-εν. ίδρόω, ῥῑγόω (398) derive the forms in ω and ῳ from ἱδρω-, ῥῑγω- (ἱδρώω, ῥῑγώω from ἱδρωσ-ι̯ω, ῥῑγωσ-ι̯ω). The forms in -οω are from the weaker stems ἰδροσ-, ῥῑγοσ-.

Hom. leaves -αω verbs open 64 times, as ναιετάω, -άουσι, ὑλάει, ἀοιδιάουσα, γοάοιμεν, τηλεθάοντας. When contracted, -αω verbs have the Attic forms, as ὁρῶ, ὁρᾷς, ὁρᾷ; as πειρᾷ makest trial from πειράε-(σ)αι from πειράομαι; ἠρῶ didst pray from ἠράε-(σ)ο from ἀράομαι.

When uncontracted, verbs in -αω often show in the Mss. of Hom., not the original open forms, but “assimilated” forms of the concurrent vowels, αε, αει, αη giving a double a sound by α prevailing over the e sound; αο, αω, αοι, αου giving a double o sound by the o sound prevailing over the α. One of the vowels is commonly lengthened, rarely both.

N.—ἀλόω from ἀλάεο wander is unique. γελώοντες is from γελώω (641).

The assimilated forms are used only when the second vowel (in the unchanged form) stood in a syllable long by nature or position. Hence ὁροωμεν, ὁραατε, ὁραατο, do not occur for ὁράομεν, etc. (μνωόμενος for μνᾱόμενος is an exception.) The first vowel is lengthened only when the metre requires it, as in ἡβώοντες for ἡβάοντες ¯ ˘ ¯ ˘. Thus two long vowels do not occur in succession except to fit the form to the verse, as μενοινώω for μενοινάω; but ἡβώοιμι, not ἡβώῳμι. When the first vowel is metrically lengthened, the second vowel is not lengthened, though it may be long either in a final syllable (as in μενοινᾱ́ᾳ) or when it represents the spurious diphthong ου from -οντ- (as in ἡβώωσα, δρώωσι for ἡβάουσα, δρᾱ́ουσι from -οντι̯α, -οντι).

The assimilated forms include the “Attic” future in -αω from -ασω (539); as ἐλόωσι ( = ἐλάουσι), κρεμόω, δαμάᾳ, δαμόωσι.

The assimilated forms are found only in the artificial language of Homer, Hesiod, and their imitators, and nowhere in the living speech. They are commonly explained as derived from the contracted forms by a process of ‘distraction,’ and as inserted in the text for the sake of the metre. Thus ὁρᾷς, βοῶντες, the spoken forms which had taken the place of original ὁράεις, βοάοντες, in the text, were expanded into ὁράᾳς, βοόωντες, by repetition of the α and ο. While the restoration of the original uncontracted forms is generally possible, and is adopted in several modern editions, a phonetic origin of many of the forms in question is still sought by some scholars who regard ὁρόω as an intermediate stage between ὁράω and ὁρῶ. It will be observed, however, that the forms in 648 can be derived only from the unassimilated forms.

In the imperfect contraction generally occurs, and assimilation is rare.

Some verbs show εο for αο, as ἤντεον, τρόπεον, μενοίνεον, ποτέονται. Cp. 649, 653.

Hdt. contracts -αω verbs as they are contracted in Attic. In many cases before an ο sound the Mss. substitute ε for α (τολμέω, ὁρέων, ἐφοίτεον). This ε is never found in all the forms of the same verb, and the Mss. generally disagree on each occurrence of any form.—Hdt. always has -ῴην, -ῴμην, in the optative.

a. Hom. rarely contracts εω and εο (except in the participle). In a few cases ευ appears for εο, as ποιεύμην; rarely for εου, as τελεῦσι. When the metre allows either -εε and -εει, or -ει, the open forms are slightly more common. ει is often necessary to admit a word into the verse (as ἡγεῖσθαι, ἐφίλει), and is often found at the verse-end. -έ-ε-αι, -έ-ε-ο, in the 2 sing. mid. may become -εῖαι, -εῖο, or -έαι, -έο, by the expulsion of one ε; as μῡθεῖαι or μῡθέαι sayest, αἰδεῖο show regard.

b. νεικείω, τελείω, from -εσ-ι̯ω (νεικεσ-, τελεσ-) are older forms than νεικέω, τελέω. See 488 d, 624. θείω, πλείω, πνείω show metrical lengthening (28 D.).

c. On -ημεναι in Hom. see 657.

a. Hdt. generally leaves εο, εω, εου, open, except when a vowel precedes the ε, in which case we find ευ for εο (ἀγνοεῦντες). In the 3 plur. -έουσι is kept except in ποιεῦσι. For -έ-εο in the 2 sing. mid. we find έ-ο in αἰτέο. εε, εει, in stems of more than one syllable, are usually uncontracted in the Mss., but this is probably an error. δεῖ it is necessary and δεῖν are never written otherwise.—The Ion. ευ for εο, εου, occurs rarely in tragedy.

b. In the optative Hdt. has -έοι after a consonant, as καλέοι, but -οῖ after a vowel, as ποιοῖμι, ποιοῖ.

a. Hom. always uses the contracted forms except in the case of such as show assimilation like that in -αω verbs.

b. Hdt. contracts -οω verbs as in Attic. Forms with ευ for ου, as δικαιεῦσι, ἐδικαίευν, are incorrect.

Doric (59 D.) contracts αε and αη to η; αει and αῃ to ῃ; αο, αω, to ᾱ except in final syllables: τῑμῶ, τῑμῇς, τῑμῇ, τῑμᾶμες, τῑμῆτε, τῑμᾶντι, τῑ́μη, τῑμῆν. Monosyllabic stems have ω from α + ο or α + ω. Some verbs in -αω have alternative forms in -εω (648), as ὁρέω, τῑμέω.

The contractions of -εω verbs in Doric may be illustrated thus:

a. ιω for εο is a diphthong. ευ for εο is common in Theocritus. In Cretan ι ( = y) for ε is often expelled (κοσμόντες = κοσμέοντες).

Verbs in -οω contract οο and οε to ω in Severer Doric and to ου in Milder Doric.

In Aeolic contract verbs commonly pass into the μι-conjugation: τῑ́μαιμι, -αις, -αι, τῑ́μᾱμεν, τῑ́μᾱτε, τῑ́μαισι, imperfect, ἐτῑ́μᾱν, ἐτῑ́μᾱς, ἐτῑ́μᾱ, etc. inf. τῑ́μᾱν, part. τῑ́μαις, -αντος, mid. τῑ́μᾱμαι, inf. τῑμᾱ́μεναι. So φίλημι, φίλημεν, φίλητε, φίλεισι, ἐφίλην, inf. φίλην, part. φίλεις, -εντος. Thus ὄρημι from ὀρέω = Att. ὁράω, κάλημι, αἴνημι. So also δήλωμι, 3 pl. δήλοισι, inf. δήλων. Besides these forms we find a few examples of the earlier inflection in -αω, -εω, -οω, but these forms usually contract except in a few cases where ε is followed by an ο sound (ποτέονται). From other tenses, e.g. the fut. in -ησω, η has been transferred to the present in ἀδικήω, ποθήω.

Hom. has several cases of contract verbs inflected according to the μι- conjugation in the 3 dual: σῡλή-την (σῡλάω spoil), προσαυδή-την (προσαυδάω speak to), ἀπειλή-την (ἀπειλέω threaten), ὁμαρτή-την (ὁμαρτέω meet); also σάω 3 sing. imperf. (σαόω keep safe). In the infinitive -ημεναι, as γοήμεναι (γοάω), πεινήμεναι (πεινᾱ́ω, 641), φιλήμεναι (φιλέω), φορήμεναι and φορῆναι (φορέω). But ἀγῑνέω has ἀγῑνέμεναι.

All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the future alike.

The future active and middle add the primary endings, and are inflected like the present; as λῡ́σω, λῡ́σομαι. On the two endings of the second singular middle, see 628. Liquid verbs, Attic futures (538), Doric futures (540) are inflected like contract verbs in -εω; thus φανῶ φανοῦμαι, καλῶ καλοῦμαι, and πεσοῦμαι, follow ποιῶ ποιοῦμαι (385).

a. The only future perfect active from an ω-verb is τεθνήξω shall be dead (584), which is inflected like a future active. Ordinarily the periphrastic formation is used: λελευκὼς ἔσομαι shall have loosed. The future perfect passive (λελῡ́σομαι shall have been loosed) is inflected like the future middle. The periphrastic forms and the future perfect passive rarely occur outside of the indicative.

The inflection is like the present: λῡ́σο-ῑ-μι, λῡσο-ῑ́-μην. In the optative singular of liquid verbs, -ιη-ν, -ιη-ς, -ιη, in the dual and plural -ῑ-τον, -ῑ-την, -ῑ-μεν, -ῑ-τε, -ιε-ν, are added to the stem ending in the thematic vowel ο; thus φανεο-ίην = φανοίην, φανέο-ῑ-μεν = φανοῖμεν. So in Attic futures in -άζω, as βιβάζω (539 d) cause to go: βιβῴην, -ῴης, -ῴη, pl. βιβῷμεν.

The future infinitive active adds -εν, as λῡ́σειν from λῡ́σε-εν, φανεῖν from φανέ(σ)ε-εν. The infinitive middle adds -σθαι, as λῡ́σε-σθαι, φανεῖσθαι, from φανέ(σ)ε-σθαι.

The future participle has the same endings as the present: λῡ́σων λῡ́σουσα λῦσον, φανῶν φανοῦσα φανοῦν; middle, λῡσόμενος, φανούμενος.

All verbs inflect the first and second future passive alike, that is, like the future middle.

The indicative adds -μαι to the stem ending in -θησο- or -ησο-, as λυθήσο-μαι, φανή-σο-μαι. For the two forms of the second person singular see 628. The optative adds -ῑ-μην, as λυθησο-ῑ́-μην, φανησο-ῑ́-μην. The infinitive adds -σθαι, as λυθή-σε-σθαι, φανή-σε-σθαι. The participle adds -μενος, as λυθησό-μενος, φανησό-μενος.

All vowel and consonant ω-verbs inflect the first aorist alike.

The secondary endings of the first aorist active were originally added to the stem ending in -σ-; thus, ἐλῡσṃ, ἐλῡσ-ς, ἐλῡσ-τ, ἐλῡσ-μεν, ἐλῡσ-τε, ἐλῡσ-ντ. From ἐλῡσṃ came ἔλῡσα (by 35 c), the α of which spread to the other forms except in the 3 sing., where ε was borrowed from the perfect.

a. In the middle the secondary endings are added to the stem ending in -σα-. For the loss of ς in -σο, see 465 b.

In the subjunctive the long thematic vowel -ώη- is substituted for the α of the indicative, and these forms are inflected like the present subjunctive: λῡ́σω λῡ́σωμαι, φήνω φήνωμαι. For the loss of ς in -σαι see 465 a.

To the stem ending in α the mood-suffix ῑ is added, making αι, to which the same endings are affixed as in the present: λῡ́σα-ῑ-μι = λῡ́σαιμι, λῡσα-ῑ́-μην = λῡσαίμην, φήνα-ῑ-μι = φήναιμι. The inflection in the middle is like that of the present. For the loss of ς in -σο see 465 b.—In the active -ειας, -ειε, -ειαν are more common than -αις, -αι, -αιεν.

The regular endings (462) are added to the stem in -σα (or -α in liquid verbs) except in the active and middle 2 sing., in which -ον and -αι take the place of -α: λῦσον λῡσάτω, λῦσαι λῡσάσθω, φῆνον φηνάτω, φῆναι φηνάσθω.

The aorist active infinitive ends in -αι, which is an old dative: the middle ends in -σθαι: λῦσαι λῡ́σα-σθαι, φῆναι φήνα-σθαι, πλέξαι πλέξα-σθαι.

The active participle adds -ντ like the present: masc. λῡ́σᾱς from λῡσαντ-ς, fem. λύσᾱσα from λυσᾱντ-ι̯α, neut. λῦσαν from λῡσαν(τ). See 301. The middle ends in -μενος: λῡσά-μενος, φηνά-μενος.

All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the aorists passive alike, that is, according to the μι-conjugation, except in the subjunctive.

a. Vowel verbs rarely form second aorists that are passive in form, as ῥέω flow, ἐρρύην (803). But ῥέω is properly not a vowel verb (see 503).

The indicative adds the active secondary endings directly to the tense stem ending in -θη- (first aorist) or -η- (second aorist). The inflection is thus like that of the imperfect of a verb in -μι.

a. For -σαν we find -ν from -ν(τ) in poetical and dialectic forms before which η has been shortened to ε (40), thus ὥρμηθεν for ὡρμήθησαν from ὁρμάω urge.

The subjunctive adds -ώη- to the tense stem ending in -θε- or -ε- and contracts: λυθῶ, -ῇς, -ῇ, etc., from λυθέω, -έῃς, -έῃ, etc.; φανῶ, -ῇς, -ῇ from φανέω, -έῃς, -έῃ, etc.

The optative adds -ῑ- or -ιη- to the tense-stem ending in -θε- or -ε-, and contracts. In the singular -ιη- is regular; in the dual and plural -ῑ- is generally preferred. Thus λυθείην from λυθε-ίη-ν, φανείην from φανε-ίη-ν, λυθεῖτον from λυθέ-ῑ-τον, φανεῖτον from φανέ-ῑ-τον, λυθεῖμεν from λυθέ-ῑ-μεν, φανεῖεν from φανέ-ιε-ν. The inflection is like that of the present optative of a μι-verb.

a. -είημεν is used only in prose (but Plato and Isocrates have also -εῖμεν). -είητε is almost always found in the Mss. of prose writers; -εῖτε occurs only in poetry (except from μι-verbs). -εῖεν is more common in prose than -είησαν.

The endings of the imperative are added to the tense-stem ending in -θη- or -η-. Before -ντων, -θη- and -η- become -θε- and -ε- (λυθέντων, φανέντων). For -τι instead of -θι in the first aorist (λύθητι) see 125 b.

-ναι is added to the tense-stem in -θη- or -η-: λυθῆ-ναι, φανῆ-ναι.

The participle adds -ντ, as masc. λυθείς from λυθεντ-ς, fem. λυθεῖσα from λυθεντ-ι̯α, neut. λυθέν from λυθεν(τ). See 301. So φανείς, etc.

Most verbs in -ω inflect the second aorist according to the ω-conjugation; some inflect it according to the μι-conjugation.

The inflection of most second aorists of ω-verbs is like that of an imperfect of ω-verbs in the indicative, and like that of a present in the other moods.

For the loss of ς in -σο in the second person singular see 465 b.

A number of ω-verbs form their second aorists without a thematic vowel, herein agreeing with the second aorists of μι-verbs. Cp. ἔδῡν p. 140. The second aorist of γι-γνώ-σκω know is inflected as follows.

The indicative is inflected like ἔστην (p. 138); the subjunctive, like δῶ (p. 138).

a. We expect ἔγνοτον, ἔγνομεν, etc. (551), but the strong stem γνω- has been transferred to the dual and plural. So also in ἔβην, ἔφθην, ἑᾱ́λων.—Subjunctive βῶ, βῇς, βῇ, βῆτον, βῶμεν, βῆτε, βῶσι. On the formation of the subjunctive see 757 D.

The optative is inflected like δοίην (p. 138).

a. So βαίην, βαῖτον or βαίητον, βαῖμεν or βαίημεν. In the 2 plur. the Mss. of prose writers have only -ιητε (γνοίητε, -βαίητε); but -ιητε is not attested by the evidence of verse.

The imperative is inflected like στῆθι (p. 139).

a. In composition διάγνωθι, ἀνάβηθι (423). For βῆθι (from βαίνω) -βᾱ in composition occurs in poetry, as ἀνάβᾱ.

The infinitive adds -εναι, as γνῶναι from γνώ-εναι (like στῆναι from στή-εναι). In composition διαγνῶναι (426 d).

The participle adds -ντ-, as masc. γνούς from γνοντ-ς, fem. γνοῦσα from γνοντ-ι̯α, neut. γνόν from γνον(τ). See 301. In composition διαγνούς (426 d).

a. Before ντ the long vowel ω is regularly shortened to ο by 40.

The following ω-verbs have second aorists of the μι form.

ἁλίσκομαι (ἁλ-ο-) am captured, ἑᾱ́λων or ἥλων (ἁλῶ, ἁλοίην, ἁλῶναι, ἁλούς).

βαίνω (βα-<*> go, ἔβην (βῶ, βαίην, βῆθι and also -βᾱ in composition, βῆναι, βᾱ́ς).

βιόω (βιο-) live, ἐβίων (βιῶ, βιῴην, βιῶναι, βιούς). Hom. βιώτω imper.

γηράσκω (γηρα-) grow old, γηρᾶναι poet., γηρᾱ́ς Hom.

γιγνώσκω (γνο-, γνω-) know, ἔγνων (γνῶ, γνοίην, γνῶθι, γνῶναι, γνούς).

-διδρᾱ́σκω (δρᾱ-) run, only in composition, -έδρᾱν (-δρῶ, -δραίην, -δρᾶναι, -δρᾱ́ς). Hdt. has ἔδρην, δρῆναι, δρᾱ́ς in composition.

δῡ́ω (δῡ-) enter ἔδῡν entered inflected p. 140 (δῡ́ω, opt. Hom. δῡ́η and ἔκδῡμεν for δυ-ίη, ἐκδύ-ῑ-μεν; δῦθι, δῦναι, δῡ́ς).

ἔχω (σχε-) have, σχές imper.

κτείνω (κτεν-, κτα-) kill, ἔκτᾰν, ἔκτᾰς, ἔκτᾰ, ἔκτᾰμεν, 3 pl. ἔκτᾰν 551 D, subj. κτέωμεν, inf. κτάμεναι κτάμεν, part κτᾱ́ς; ἐκτάμην was killed (κτάσθαι, κτάμενος); all poetic forms.

πέτομαι (πετ-, πτε-, πτα-) fly, poet. ἔπτην (πταίην, πτᾱ́ς), middle ἐπτάμην (πτάσθαι, πτάμενος). πτῶ, πτῆθι, πτῆναι are late.

πῑ́νω (πι-) drink, πῖθι imper.

σκέλλω in ἀποσκέλλω (σκελ-, σκλε-) dry up, ἀποσκλῆναι.

τλα- endure, fut. τλήσομαι, poetic ἔτλην (τλῶ, τλαίην, τλῆθι, τλῆναι, τλᾱ́ς).

φθάνω (φθα-) anticipate, ἔφθην (φθῶ, φθαίην, φθῆναι, φθᾱ́ς).

φῡ́ω (φῠ̄-) produce, ἔφῡν was produced, am (φύω subj., φῦναι, φῡ́ς 308).

The following ω-verbs have in poetry (especially in Homer) second aorists of the μι form: ἅλλομαι (ἆλσο, ἆλτο), ἀπαυράω (ἀπούρᾱς), ἀραρίσκω (ἄρμενος), ἄω (ᾱ̓́μεναι), βάλλω (ξυμβλήτην, ἔβλητο), βιβρώσκω (ἔβρων), root γεν- (γέντο grasped), δέχομαι (δέκτο), Epic κιχᾱ́νω (ἐκίχην, κιχήω, κιχείη, κιχῆναι and κιχήμεναι, κιχείς and κιχήμενος; properly from κίχημι), κλάω (ἀπόκλᾱς), κλύω (κλῦθι, κέκλυθι), κτίζω (κτίμενος), root λεχ- (ἔλεκτο laid himself to rest), λῡ́ω (λύτο), οὐτάω (οὖτα, οὐτάμενος), πάλλω (πάλτο), πελάζω (ἐπλήμην), πέρθω (πέρθαι = περθ-σθαι), πλώω (ἔπλων), πνῡ- (ἄμπνῡτο revived), πτήσσω (καταπτήτην), σεύω (ἐσσύμην, ἔσυτο, σύμενος), φθίνω (ἐφθίμην), χέω (ἐχύμην, χύμενος).

ἔλεκτο, πάλτο are properly first aorists (for ἐλεκ-σ-το, παλ-σ-το), ς being lost between two consonants (103).

All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the first perfect alike. Some verbs in -ω inflect the second perfect according to the ω-conjugation, others inflect it according to the μι-conjugation.

Originally the endings were added to the stem without any thematic vowel. Of this unthematic formation a few traces survive (573). In the 2 p. sing. the ending is -ς, but originally -θα; in the 3 pl. -κᾱσι stands for κα-νσι out of κα-ντι (100). Thus λέλυκα, -ας, -ε, πέπομφα, -ας, -ε, etc. The periphrastic combination occurs in the indicative (599 a).

The perfect subjunctive is commonly formed periphrastically by the perfect active participle and ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, etc. Thus λελυκὼς (γεγραφὼς) ὦ, etc., λελυκότες (γεγραφότες) ὦμεν, etc. Of the periphrastic forms only the 1 and 3 sing., 2 and 3 plur. are attested.

Instances of the simple perfect subjunctive (λελύκω, γεγράφω) are very rare. The simple form is made by substituting the thematic vowel ώη for α in the tense-stem. Only the sing. and the 3 plur. are attested from ω-verbs.

Besides εἰδῶ (οἶδα) and ἑστήκῃ, etc., Attic prose has only about 16 occurrences of the simple perf. subj., and from the following verbs only: βαίνω, δέδια, ἐγείρω, ἔοικα, θνῄσκω, λαμβάνω, λανθάνω, πάσχω, ποιῶ, φῡ́ω. Hippocr. has forms from βιβρώσκω, πονῶ, τεύχω. There are about 30 occurrences in the poetry. Attic prose writers show about 25 cases of the periphrasis from all ω-verbs.

The perfect optative is commonly formed periphrastically by the perfect active participle and εἴην, εἴης, εἴη, etc. Thus λελυκὼς (γεγραφὼς) εἴην, etc., λελυκότες (γεγραφότες) εἶμεν, etc. The dual is exceedingly rare.

Occasionally the simple forms are used (λελύκοιμι, γεγράφοιμι). These are formed by adding the mood-sign ῑ, and the endings, to the tense-stem with the thematic vowel (ο). All the -ιη-forms are attested; of the -ῑ-forms only the 3 sing. and 1 and 3 plur.

Of the simple optative there are about 25 occurrences in Attic prose, and from the following verbs only: ἀποχωρῶ, ἐξαπατῶ, εἰσβάλλω, παραδίδωμι, ἔοικα, -ἑστήκοι, ὑπηρετῶ, θνῄσκω, λανθάνω, καταλείπω, ποιῶ, πάσχω, προέρχομαι, ἐμπῑ́πτω, φῡ́ω. In the poets there are about 16 occurrences. Prose writers show about 106 occurrences of the periphrastic forms.

The usual form of the first perfect imperative is periphrastic: λελυκὼς ἴσθι, ἔστω, etc. No classical Attic writer uses the simple forms.

The second perfect is rare, and occurs only in the case of verbs which have a present meaning. From active verbs inflected according to the ω- conjugation there occur κεχήνετε gape, Ar. Ach. 133 (χάσκω, χαν-), and κεκρᾱ́γετε screech, Vesp. 415 (κρᾱ́ζω). Most second perfects show the μι form and have present meaning, as τέθναθι (Hom.) τεθνάτω from θνῄσκω die, δέδιθι from δέδια fear, and κέκρᾱχθι from κρᾱ́ζω in Aristophanes. Most such second perfects are poetical.

The perfect infinitive adds -έ-ναι, as λελυκέναι, λελοιπέναι.

The suffixes of the perfect participle in the nominative are -(ϝ)ώς, -υῖα, -(ϝ)ός, as λελυκώς, λελοιπώς. See 301 c, d, 309.

The pluperfect is formed by adding -εα, -εας, -εε, -ετον, -ετην, -εμεν, -ετε, -εσαν to the reduplicated stem. By contraction from ἐλελυκεα, -εας, -εε come the forms ἐλελύκη, -ης -ει (ν). In the later language ει spread from the 3 sing. and was used throughout, as ἐλελύκειν, -εις, -ει, -ειτον, -είτην, -ειμεν, -ειτε, and very late -εισαν. The best Mss. of Demosthenes have -ειν in 1 sing. Instead of the simple pluperfect we find periphrastic forms, 599 a.

A few ω-verbs form their second perfects in the dual and plural without α by adding the endings directly to the stem. Herein these forms agree with the second perfect of μι-verbs (417). In the singular α is used.

The second perfect δέδια I fear usually has the forms of the first perfect δέδοικα in the singular, less frequently in the plural.

Other second perfects inflected like δέδια are the following:

a. βαίνω (βα-) go, 1 perf. βέβηκα have gone, stand fast regular; 2 perf. 3 pl. βεβᾶσι (poet.), subj. 3 pl. βεβῶσι, inf. βεβάναι (poet. and Ion.), part. βεβώς (contracted from βεβαώς) βεβῶσα, gen. βεβῶτος.

Other verbs with second perfects of the μι-form (chiefly Homeric) are: ἄνωγα (ἄνωχθι), βιβρώσκω (βεβρῶτες), ἐγείρω (ἐγρήγορα), ἔρχομαι (είλήλυθμεν), μέμονα (μεμαώς), πάσχω (πέποσθε), πείθω (ἐπέπιθμεν), πῑ̔πτω (πεπτώς), root δα- learn (δεδαώς), root τλα- (τέτλαμεν, τετλαίην, τέτλαθι, τετλάμεναι and τετλάμεν, τετληώς).

All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the perfect middle according to the μι-conjugation.

The perfect middle is inflected by adding the primary middle endings directly to the tense-stem, herein agreeing with the μι-conjugation. The pluperfect adds the secondary middle endings. In vowel verbs the formation is simple, as in λέλυ-μαι, ἐλελύ-μην. But in consonant verbs, the consonant at the end of the stem comes into collision with the consonant at the beginning of the ending; hence certain euphonic changes described in 409. The periphrastic form occurs in the 3 pl. and sometimes in the 3 sing. (599 d, e).

a. Stems in ν avoid the forms -ν-σαι, -ν-σο; thus, from φαίνω, instead of πέφανσαι, ἐπέφανσο the periphrastic πεφασμένος εἶ, ἦσθα were probably used.

The perfect middle subjunctive is commonly formed by periphrasis of the perfect middle participle and ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, etc. Thus λελυμένος ὦ.

From two verbs, whose perfect stem ends in η-(α), the simple forms are constructed. κτάομαι (κτα-) acquire, perf. κέκτημαι possess (1946), forms its subjunctive by adding the thematic vowel -ώη- to κε-κτα; thus κε-κτά-ω-μαι = κεκτῶμαι, κε-κτά-η-σαι = κεκτῇ, κε-κτά-η-ται = κεκτῆται, etc.—μιμνῄσκω (μνα- remind, perf. μέμνημαι remember (1946): με-μνά-ω-μαι = μεμνῶμαι, μεμνη-ώ-μεθα = μεμνώμεθα. With κεκτῶμαι, μεμνῶμαι, cp. ἱστῶμαι, p. 137. The periphrastic κεκτημένος ὦ, μεμνημένος ὦ occur.

The perfect middle optative is commonly formed by the periphrasis of the perfect middle participle and εἴην, εἴης, εἴη, etc. Thus λελυμένος εἴην, etc.

Some verbs add -ῑ́-μην, -ο-ῑ́-μην to the tense-stem (709).—a. κτάομαι (κτα-) acquire, perf. κέκτημαι possess (1946): opt. κεκτη-ῑ́-μην = κεκτῄμην, κεκτήῑ-σο = κεκτῇο, κεκτή-ῑ-το = κεκτῇτο. Less frequent and doubtful are κεκτῴμην, -ῷο, -ῷτο, -ῴμεθα from κεκτη-ο-ῑ́-μην, etc.

b. μιμνῄσκω (μνα-) remind, perf. μέμνημαι remember; opt. μεμνη-ῑ́-μην = μεμνῄμην, μεμνή-ῑ-σο = μεμνῇο, μεμνή-ῑ-το = μεμνῇτο, etc. The forms μεμνῴμην, -ῷο, -ῷτο, etc., from μεμνη-ο-ῑ́-μην, etc., are uncommon and suspected.

c. καλέω (καλε-, κλη-) call, perf. κέκλημαι am called (1946); opt. κεκλη-ῑ́-μην, etc. = κεκλῄμην, κεκλῇο, κεκλῇτο, κεκλῄμεθα.

d. βάλλω (βαλ-, βλη-) throw, perf. διαβέβλημαι, opt. διαβεβλῇσθε.

N.—The forms in -ῄμην, etc., have the μι-form; the doubtful -ῴμην, etc., belong to the ω-conjugation.

In the third person singular the perfect meaning is regularly retained, as εἰρήσθω let it have been said. The 2 sing. and pl. are generally found only in the case of perfects with a present meaning, as μέμνησθε remember! μὴ πεφόβησθε do not be afraid! πέπαυσο stop! See 698.

a. The dual and 3 pl. are apparently wanting. The 2 sing. in -νσο from stems in -ν does not occur. For πέφανσο, πεφασμένος ἴσθι was probably used.

Attic prose writers have ἀναβεβλήσθω, ἀποκεκρίσθω, εἰρήσθω, ἐκτήσθω, ἐψεύσθω, κεῖσο, -κείσθω, κέκτησο, μέμνησθε, πεπαίσθω, πεπεράνθω, πεποίησο, πεπρᾱ́σθω, πεφάσθω, πεφόβησθε, τετάχθω, τετολμήσθω.

Instead of the simple forms of the imperative we find the periphrastic use of the perfect participle and ἴσθι, ἔστω, etc. (599 g). Thus εἰρημένον ἔστω = εἰρήσθω.

The perfect infinitive adds -σθαι, as λελύ-σθαι. Consonant stems lose the ς by 103, as λελεῖφθαι, πεπρᾶχθαι (406), ἐληλέγχθαι, πεφάνθαι (407).

The perfect participle adds -μένος, as λελυμένος, λελειμμένος, πεπρᾱγμένος (406, 407). On the ς of πεφασμένος see 409 d.

Verbs in -μι usually have no thematic vowel between the tense-stem and the personal endings in the present system (except in the subjunctive). The name “μι-conjugation,” or “non-thematic” conjugation,” is applied to all verbs which form the present and imperfect without the thematic vowel.

Of verbs ending in -μι the following tenses are inflected according to the μι-conjugation (except in the subjunctive): all non-thematic presents and imperfects; all aorists passive; all perfects and pluperfects middle; those second aorists active and middle in which the tense-stem does not end with the thematic vowel; one verb (ἵστημι) in the second perfect and pluperfect active.

Certain tenses of verbs ending in -μι in the first person present indicative active, or in -μαι in the present middle (and passive) when not preceded by the thematic vowel, are inflected according to the ω-conjugation. These tenses are: all futures, all first aorists active and middle, most perfects and pluperfects active, and all subjunctives. Verbs in -νῡμι regularly inflect the subjunctive and the optative according to the ω-conjugation. Furthermore, the 2 sing. in the present and 2 and 3 sing. in the imperfect active of certain verbs, and some other forms, follow the ω-conjugation (746).

Verbs in -μι add the endings directly either to the verb-stem (here a root) or after the suffixes νυ or νη. Hence three classes are to be distinguished.

A. Root class; as φη-μί say, verb-stem (and root) φα-, φη-. This class often shows reduplication in the present and imperfect, as δίδω-μι give.

N.—Two verbs have verb-stems ending in a consonant: εἰμί am (ἐσ-μι) and ἧμαι sit (ἡσ-μαι).

B. -νυ- class; as δείκ-νῡ-μι show, verb-stem δεικ-, present stem δεικνῠ̄-.

C. A few verbs, mainly poetical, add να-, νη-; as σκίδ-νη-μι σκίδ-ναμεν scatter, δάμ-νη-μι δάμ-να-μεν, subdue.

Deponent verbs without the thematic vowel are inflected according to the μι-conjugation.

Verbs in -μι belong to the first or simple class (504) or to the fourth class (523).

The present is made by adding the personal endings directly to the verb-stem, which is a root. This verb-stem may be used in its pure form or it may be reduplicated.

a. Some verbs of this class with no active have a verb-stem of more than one syllable (usually two syllables).

Unreduplicated Presents: εἰμί (ἐσ-) am, εἶμι (ἰ-, εἰ-) go, ἧμαι (ἡσ-) sit, ἠμί say (ἦ said, 3 sing.), κεῖμαι (κει-) lie, φημί (φα-, φη-) say, χρή it is necessary (793); and poet. ἄημι (ἀη-) blow.

ἄγα-μαι (and ἀγάομαι) admire, δέα-μαι appear, δίε-μαι flee, make flee (cp. δίω), δύνα-μαι am able (737 a), ἐπί-στα-μαι understand, ἔρα-μαι love (poet. for ἐράω), ἵπταμαι fly (late, see 726 a), κρέμα-μαι hang (intrans.), ὄνο-μαι insult, πέτα-μαι (poet. by-form of πέτομαι) fly, ἐπριάμην bought a second aorist, στεῦμαι affirm.

a. Other such forms are Hom. ῑ̔́εμαι (ϝῑ́εμαι) strive, εἴρυμαι and ἔρυμαι rescue, Ion. λάζυμαι take. ἐπίστηται II 243 owes its η to such non-present forms as ἐπιστήσομαι.

δίδημι bind (rare for δέω), δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give, ῑ̔́ημι (ἑ-, ἡ-) send, ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) set, κίχρημι (χρα-, χρη-) lend, ὀνίνημι (ὀνα-, ὀνη-) benefit, πίμπλημι (πλα-, πλη-) fill, πίμπρημι (πρα-, πρη-) burn, τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place.

a. Also poetic βίβημι (βα-, βη-) go, in Hom. βιβᾱ́ς striding, δί-ζημαι (also Ion.) seek, for δι-δι̯η-μαι by 116 (cp. ζητέω seek), ἵλημι (ῑ̔λα-, ῑ̔λη- for σισλα-, σισλη-) am propitious. ἵπταμαι (late) for πέτομαι fly is an analogue of ἵσταμαι and is not properly reduplicated. τίτρημι bore is late.

Verbs in -μι reduplicate with ι in the present. See 414, 447. πί-μ-πλημι and πί-μ-πρημι may lose the inserted nasal in compounds of ἐν, but only when ἐν- takes the form ἐμ-; as ἐμπίπλημι, but ἐνεπίμπλασαν. Doric has κίγχημι. In ὀ-νί-νη-μι the reduplication takes place after a vowel (verb-stem ὀνα-, ὀνη-).

a. Reduplication is in place only in present and imperfect; but Hom. has διδώσομεν.

Most μι-verbs of the fourth class add -νυ- (after a vowel, -ννυ-) to the verb-stem.

Verb-stems in -α: κερά-ννῡμι mix, κρεμά-ννῡμι hang (intrans.), πετάννῡμι spread, σκεδά-ννῡμι scatter.

Verb-stems in ε (for ες): ἕ-ννῡμι (in prose ἀμφιέ-ννῡμι) clothe, κορέννῡμι satiate, σβέ-ννῡμι extinguish.

Verb-stems in ω: ζώ-ννῡμι gird, ῥώ-ννῡμι strengthen, στρώ-ννῡμι spread.

All the forms in -ννῡμι started from verb-stems ending in ς: ἕννῡμι from ἑσ-νῡ-μι, σβέννῡμι from σβεσ-νῡ-μι, ζώννῡμι from ζωσ-νῡ-μι. All the other verbs are analogues of these.

Verb-stems in a consonant: ἄγ-νῡμι break, ἄρ-νυμαι earn, δείκ-νῡμι show, εἴργ-νῡμι ( = εἴργω) shut in, ζεύγ-νῡμι yoke (ἀπο)κτει-νῡμι often written -κτίννῡμι ( = κτείνω) kill, μείγ-νῡμι (miswritten μῑ́γ-νῡμι) mix, -οἰγ-νῡμι ( = -οἴγω) open, ὄλλῡμι (ὀλ-ε) destroy, ὄμ-νῡμι (ὀμ-ε-, ὀμ-ο) swear, ὀμόργ-νῡμι wipe off, ὄρ-νῡμι rouse, πήγ-νῡμι (παγ-, πηγ-) fix, πλήγ-νῡμι (once, in ἐκπλήγνυσθαι Thuc. 4. 125; cp. πλήττω), πτάρ-νυμαι sneeze, ῥήγ-νῡμι (ῥαγ-, ῥηγ-, ῥωγ-) break, στόρνῡμι spread, φράγ-νῡμι ( = φράττω) inclose.